Izwi reOligopoly rinobva mumagiriki echiGiriki, zvinoreva kuti "mazhinji" uye "kutengesa" mukushandura. Iko mari yekutengeserana inotarisana nemakwikwi asina kukwana. Inotungamirirwa nezvikwata zvishomanana. Oligopolists variwo makwikwi uye vasingabatsiri.
Oligopoly - chii ichocho?
Imwe nhamba yevatengesi vemamwe mashizha vane mazano avo uye vanofunga nezvezviito zvevakasara vanobatanidzwa mumusika. Oligopoly rudzi rwemakambani emari umo makambani makuru makuru anobudisa nekutengesa chimwe chigadzirwa. Iko rudzi rwekuita basa rine tsanangudzo ye "mushamba wevashomanana." Chimiro che oligopoly chinowanzobatanidza vatori vatatu, izvo zvinogutsa zvizhinji zvekudiwa mumusika. Kubuda kwemakambani matsva kwakaoma kana zvachose kusingakwanisi.
Misiyano pakati pekuchengetedzwa kwevanhu uye oligopoly
Mune dzimwe hupfumi, basa reimwe rakasimba rinonyanya kubudirira. Nhau yezvehupfumi inoratidza huwandu hunotarisa kukura kwekugadzira. Kambani yakadaro iine hurumende uye inova ndiyo chete mutengesi mumusika wekutengesa. Oligopoly inozivikanwa nekutengeswa kwezvinhu kubva kune vaverengi vanoverengeka. Vanogona kuita zvigadzirwa zvakasiyana.
Kuzvimirira uye oligopoly vane misika yavo. Vanonyanya kushandiswa kwezvinhu vanobudisa michina yakasiyana. Sezvo ari oga mugadziri, vanogona kubvumira kuisa mitengo yakakwirira kwazvo. Oligopolists vari kunyatsovimba nemakwikwi, nyaya iyi inonchera uye haigoni kudzokorora mitengo. Mubvunzo wezvinhu zvinodhura zvinokonzera kuiswa kwekombiki yepamusoro.
Zvikonzero zvekuvapo kwaOligopoly
Upfumi hwenyika dzakawanda hunozivikanwa nekugadzirwa uye kutengeswa kwezvizhinji zvezvinhu zviri pamusika, unoitwa nemafemu akawanda. Chimwe nechimwe chazvo chinokurudzira mutengo wemusika nezviito zvayo, iyo inotarisa chinangwa che oligopoly. Chimwe chinzvimbo chikuru mumakambani emabhizimisi ndechevashandi vakawanda. Oligopoly mumutengo wemari mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro anonzi "Big Six". Ivo vane hutungamiri hwekugadzira uye kutengesa kwemotokari, simbi, magetsi. Pakati pezvikonzero zvikuru zvekuvapo kwe oligopoly ndezvekuti:
- zviyero zvemitengo - kudiwa kwevatengi kunopfuura kwekwanisi yekugadzirwa kwekambani yekambani imwe;
- matambudziko emari - mari yekutengeswa kwekugadzirwa;
- zvipingamupinyi zvekubatanidzwa kwemakambani akange aripo - kutarisa pamusoro pezvigadziriswa zvishandiso zvekushandisa, kodzero yekunyora patent.
Zviratidzo zveOligopoly
Makambani makuru akwikwidzana pakati pavo mumusika wevatengi. Zvinonyanya kukoshesa oligopoly inopedza kupinda kwemafisi matsva. Chinhu chikuru chinopisa ndiro guru rekutsvaga mari iyo inotarisirwa kuwanda kwekugadzirwa. Nhamba shomanana yemakambani ari pamusika haabvumiri kukwidza makwikwi kuburikidza nekuderedza mitengo, iyo inowedzera zvakanyanya purofiti. Nokudaro, nzira dzakanakisisa dzekurwisana nemakwikwi dzinoshandiswa - iyi inhu, hutano hwakakwirira, nguva yekugadzirisa yemuiti, mitemo yekubhadhara.
Kubva pane izvi zvakawanikwa, tinokwanisa kusiyanisa zvikamu zvikuru zve oligopoly:
- nhamba shomanana yemakambani anopa vose vatengi;
- chinhu chakakosha chekupinda kwemafisi matsva mumusika wekutengesa;
- kuwirirana kwemakambani mune imwe indasitiri, kukanganisa mumutengo uye kuwanda kwekugadzirwa.
Oligopoly - inotsigira uye inotyisa
Imwe yega yega yemakakiti inayo yakanaka uye isina kunaka. Kukanganiswa kwe oligopoly kunogadza:
- kubatana kwevamiririri vekambani, kugadzirisa mitengo uye kushandiswa kwezinga;
- cost of antimonopoly regulation;
- inogona kugadziriswa yezvigadzirwa.
Zvakanakira oligopoly zvinoratidzwa mune zvinotevera:
- kwete mari yakakwirira kwazvo;
- unhu hwakanaka hwezvinhu - nokuda kwekutya makwikwi, vashandi vanozvipa zvakakodzera;
- kuwanika kwemashoko pamusoro pechigadzirwa nemhaka yekuparidzira kukuru.
Mhando dze oligopoly
Oligopoly inosanganisira mabhizimusi makuru emabhizimisi. Zvinomirira shanduro yose mumusika wekutengesa. Kune marudzi akasiyana e oligopoly, pakati peiwo pane zvinotevera:
- inogadziriswa - mishonga yakagadziriswa inobudiswa nemabhizimisi akawanda; haisi kusiyaniswa nebhii, marimi, rudzi (doro, sement, shuga);
- kusiyanisa - mabhizimisi anogadzira michina yeimwe mhizha, asi ane marudzi akasiyana-siyana, marudzi, marangi (zvinwiwa, motokari, zvigadzirwa zvefodya);
- chakavanzika - chibvumirano pakati pevakuru vemabhizimisi pamagadziro emagetsi ekugoverwa kwezvinhu zvakagadzirwa kuti vawane mari yakawanda;
- kutonga - mukoti mukuru ane chikamu chinosvika 70% mugove wemugove, zvese zvinotorwa nedzimwe makambani;
- duopoly - vaviri vanogadzira zvinhu zvinogadzirwa kumusika.
Kuvhiringidzwa kwakavanzika mumusika we oligopoly
Kukwikwidzana mumusika kunogona kutungamirira kumusana wokuvanzika. Chibvumirano ichi, chinogadziriswa pakati pefemu dzeimwe dhizimusi pakugadziriswa kwemari yakasarudzwa yezvigadzirwa nemari yekubudisa. Pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu akadaro, sangano rinoenderana nemitengo apo inoderedzwa kana kuwedzerwa. Makambani anobudisa michina yakasiyana-siyana achava nemari yakafanana. Mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro, pfungwa ye oligopoly inove isina kukodzera, kambani inofanana neyomumwe munhu. Chibvumirano ichi chinonzi hachibvumirwi nemutemo mune mamwe maindasitiri.
Mienzaniso ye oligopoly munyika
Imhizha ye oligopolistic inosanganisira varairi vakawanda. Mienzaniso yaro inogona kushandiswa sekusimudzirwa kwekuita bheri, makombiyuta, simbi. MuRussia zvikwereti zvose zvinotungamirirwa nematare matanhatu makuru ehurumende. Mamwe mimwe mienzaniso ye oligopoly inosanganisira kugadzirwa kwemotokari, pakati payo inonzi marwendo "BMW" uye "Mercedes", ndege yebhazi "Boeing", "Airbus".
Oligopoly muUnited States akaparadzanisa motokari inotungamirira mumakambani mana makuru, pamwe nekuvaka zvikwata uye zvigadzirwa zveumumuminiumumumuri. 5 makambani anotora 90% ekugadzirwa kwemichina yekugeza, refrigerators, fodya uye doro. MuGermany uye kuUnited Kingdom, 94% yekombiyuta yefodya inobereka vatemi vatatu. MuFrance, 100% yemidzanga yose uye firiji mumaoko emakambani matatu makuru.
Migumisiro ye oligopoly
Maitiro asina kururama kumigumisiro yeOligopoly mune zvehupfumi haigoni kutongerwa. Munyika yemazuva ano, vanhu vazhinji vanoda kutenga mari kune vanhuwo zvavo, izvo zvinokonzera kusavimba kwevose vane mari. Asi kuongororwa kwemahombekombe akawanda mune imwe indasitiri inokosha pakugadzirisa kwehupfumi. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nebasa guru, iro rinokanganisa mari. Kune makambani maduku, haasi ogara zvachose.
Kukura kwemahombekombe, iyo inobereka mizhinji yakawanda, inoponesa kune hutenga hutsva. Kana iwe uchiverenga kuve kwekurapa kwemishonga mutsva, iwe unowana chimiro chinoshamisa - 610 mamiriyoni emadhora. Asi mari inosvika kumakore apo ichazoiswa mukugadzirwa. Iko mari inogona kuiswa mumari, iyo isinganyanyi kuchinja mutengo wayo. Oligopoly muhupfumi inoshandiswa zvine simba mukusimudzira kufambira mberi kwezvesayenzi nekugadzirwa kwezvinhu, izvo zvinofanira kupiwa nzira yakarurama. Migumisiro yeOligopoly inobatsira pakuwedzera kwekuwedzera nekuwedzerwa kwemagetsi.
Oligopoly mabhuku
Zvipo zvitsva zvinoramba zvichionekwa pamusika. High purofice inokwezva makwikwi. Vanokunda zvipingamupinyi uye vanopinda mubhizimusi. Kudzora mutengo we oligopoly kunowedzera zvakaoma nenguva. Kushandisa teknolojia itsva, kuponesa kuwedzerwa, kune zvimwe zvinotsiviwa nemimwe michina. Vanogadzira nguva dzose vanotarisana nenhamo yenguva pfupi kana yakareba yezvibereko zvinowedzera. Mitengo iri pedo nehuwandu hwezvigadzirwa zvemabhizimisi, kuwedzera mari, asi nekufamba kwenguva, zvinopindurwa mumusika zvinowedzera. Zvinetso izvi zvinoratidzwa mumabhuku:
- "Mathematical principles of theory of wealth" Cournot Augustin (1838). Mune bhuku iri, nyanzvi yezvematongerwo enyika yeFrance yakaratidza kutsvakurudza kwake pamusoro pezvinetso zvinobatanidzwa nehutengo hwekutengesa mumakwikwi emakwikwi mumusika.
- "Maonero ehupfumi mukudzokazve" Mark Blaug. Shanduro yechina yebhuku inozivikanwa seye chete yerudzi rwayo munhoroondo yemafungiro emari.
- "Gumi gumi guru rezvemari kubva kuMarx kusvika kuChinnes" Joseph Schumpeter. Bhuku rinoshumira kwete kwete sechigadziri kune vanyori, asi rinoratidzwawo nevadzidzi vakawanda.