Ganda ndiyo nhengo huru, iyo yakawanda inenge katatu iyo yechiropa. Kuratidza zvinhu zvinokuvadza zvakatipoteredza, ganda iri chidziviriro chinodzivirira kumunhu, uye inobatanidzwawo mumagetsi e thermoregulation, metabolism, respiration. Nhengo yechitubu yeganda revanhu yakaoma zvakakwana, saka tichakurukura mumoyo wakanyanyisa.
Zvivara zveganda
Ganda revanhu rinomiririrwa nematatu matatu:
- epidermis, iyo iyo inosanganisira zvikamu zvishanu;
- dermis - a two-layer connective tissue;
- hypodermis kana subcutaneous mafuta.
Iyo yepamusoro (kunze) yakatarisa ndiyo epidermis, iyo yakareba iyo inopesana mumativi akasiyana emuviri. Zvichienderana neizvi, ganda rinosanganiswa (muzvinyorwa, mapende) uye zvishoma (pamativi acho akasara emuviri).
Ganda racho rinowedzera nemigumisiro yaro (appendages):
- misumari;
- bvudzi;
- svetuka gland;
- segaceous glands.
Epidermis
Mukati epidermis hapana mitsipa yeropa - masero anodyidzwa kuburikidza nenzvimbo ye intercellular.
Zviratidzo zvepidermis:
- horny - kunze kwekunze, ine keratinini epithelium; masero ayo akazara nepurotini keratin uye, chaizvoizvo, atofa;
- shiny - yakazadzwa neproteiniti yakakosha inoratidzira chiedza;
- granular - iyo inomiririrwa nemigwagwa yezvikamu zvishanu zvemajeri akabatanidzwa;
- spiny - ine zvikamu zvitatu zvitatu zvemasero ane cytoplasmic outgrowths;
- basal - yakadzika pasi, yakasara pamucheto wechipfuva, iri pamiganhu yedermis, uye inosanganisira epistlium yeprismatic.
Masero e stratum corneum anoramba achibvisa, anotsiviwa neitsva, achifamba kubva pakadzika.
Dermis uye hypodermis
Chimiro chedermis (chaizvoizvo ganda) rinomiririrwa nezvikamu zviviri.
Mune mapairi masheji aya masero masero anoshaya, akabatanidzwa ne-hair bulbs, nerve kuguma uye capillaries. Pasi pemapuranga ndeyekunyoresa, kunomirirwa nekudzika, kusvibiswa kwemisumbu uye collagen fibers, nemhaka yekuti ganda rakasimba uye rakasununguka.
Mafuta ari pasi kana mafuta anokonzerwa nemafuta akawanda anowanikwa uye anogadzikana. Pano, michero inowanikwa uye inochengetwa.
Ganda rechiso
Chimiro cheganda revanhu chakasiyana mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzomuviri.
Muchivara chepamusoro pane zvishoma zviduku zvezvipembenene zvisinganzwisisiki - izvi zvinogadzawo kuve kwechimiro chechigadzirwa cheganda rechiso. Zvichienderana nehuwandu hwekuvharidzirwa kwakavanzwa nemasikirwo, ndiyo tsika yekuisa ganda mufuta, yakasviba, akaoma uye akabatanidzwa. Pasi pameso uye pamasikirwo ndiyo nzvimbo ye thinnest epidermal layer. Ganda rechiso rinowanzosvibiswa nemamiriro ekunze uye kushandiswa kwezvakatipoteredza, saka inoda kuchengetedzwa zvakanaka.
Ganda rezvanza
Pamusoro pemichindwe (pamwe chete nepamusoro pemakumbo) hapana mvere dzembudzi uye zvipfeko zvinoputika, asi mazamu e sweat munzvimbo idzi ndiwo akawanda - nemhaka yezvinhu zvakasunungurwa navo, maoko haanonoka paanenge achifamba. Chimiro cheganda remaoko emichindwe chemaoko chinopesana nekugadzikana nemashizha emutsvuku. Pamberi kwemaswende, ganda rinonyatsocheka, rakanyorova uye rakaoma - nekuda kwezvinhu izvi munhu anogona kuvhara zvigunwe.
Ganda re musoro
Zviratidzo zvechimiro chepachiputi chinokonzerwa nokuvapo kwepvudzi yepvudzi, yakagadzirwa nekubatwa kwezvibatanidza zvimedu zveeiii, zviri mu sac follicle. Mugumo wakaoma webhari unonzi mudzi, vhudzi pacharo rinokura kubva pairi. Chikamu chinenge chiri pamusoro pepidermis chinonzi ruvhudzi rwebvudzi, rwakakomberedza ihwo mhedziso yezvinyunyuti zvinoputika uye zvinopisa. Kusvika pamapilla, kuguma kwemishonga uye capillaries iyo inopa bhuru uye bvudzi kukura zvakakodzera.
Ganda Rinoshanda
Kuumbwa nekugadzirwa kweganda kunotsanangura kukosha kwayo uye mabasa makuru:
- Kudzivirira (kubva pamakemikari ane simba, UV-rays, kurasikirwa kwehutu);
- thermoregulatory (thanks to the evaporation of sweat and heat radiation);
- zvinyorwa zvisinganzwisisiki (excretion of salts, mishonga yemagetsi, madhiragi ane swefu);
- endocrine uye mishonga yemagetsi (synthesis of hormone, kuunganidza vitamini D);
- receptor (nemhaka yemagumo ekuguma);
- kudzivirira muviri (kubatanidzwa mukugadzirwa kwemuviri wemuviri).