Kuenzana kwevakadzi - izvi zvinorevei, zvinonyanya kukosha, nhema kana chokwadi?

Kuenzana kwevakadzi pakati pekushandura kwenyika yanhasi kunoshandiswa mutsva mukuvandudzirana kwehukama munzanga umo hakuna munhu anotambudzwa. Nyika dzeEurope dzinoona izvi sechirongwa chezvemari, kushandiswa kwemabhizimisi akasiyana-siyana uye, kazhinji, kuti munhu afare. Mamwe magwaro anoona kuenzana kwevakadzi pabonde sekutyisidzira kuputsika kwetsika dzakasimbiswa.

Chii chinonzi kuenzana kwechikadzi? Tsanangudzo

Ko kuenzana kwechikadzi kunorevei? Iyi ndiyo pfungwa yenyika dzakagadziridzwa, kuisa pfungwa dzekuti munhu, kana murume kana mukadzi, ane kodzero dzevanhu pamwe chete nemikana. Izvi zvinowanzoitika kune mamwe mazita akafanana:

• kuenzana kwepabonde;
• kuenzana kwepabonde;
• gender egalitarianism;
• kuenzana kwevakadzi.

Nzira dzepamusoro dzehutano hwevakadzi

Ndizvo kuenzana kwevakadzi here kunokwanisika? Dzimwe nyika (Denmark, Sweden, Finland) dzakatotanga mubvunzo uyu uye zvichibva pakuongorora kwechiitiko chacho, inotarisa zvinotevera zvinogona kutongwa pamusoro pehutano hwevakadzi:

• kubatanidzwa kwevakadzi muhupenyu hwezvematongerwo enyika nehupfumi hwenyika;
• mubhadharo wakaenzana kune vose varumekadzi;
• kupa varume kuenda kunotarisira mwana akaberekerwa mumhuri;
• kusavapo kwekusarura panzvimbo yebasa, mukusimudzirwa kwemaitiro emabasa, kubhadhara chero basa;
• Kuchinja zvepabonde kana zvichidiwa.

Matambudziko ehutano hwehutano

Iko kuenzana kwevakadzi ndeyechokwadi here kana kuti chokwadi? Vagari venyika dzakawanda vari kubvunza mubvunzo uyu. Haasi ose anotaura zvizere zvirongwa zvekuita kuti hutano hwevakadzi huvepo uye izvi zvinoenderana nezvimwe zvinhu uye pfungwa. Nyika dzine tsika dzemhuri dzehupenyu, tarisa muhutano hwehutano kuparadzwa kwemitambo yekare. Nyika yeMuslim inoona kuenzana kwepabonde zvisina kunaka.

Maitiro ezvepasi rose ekuenzana kwevakadzi

Kuenzana kwevakadzi pakati pemutemo kunogadziriswa neUnited International Organisation mumagungano e 1952 na1967. Muna 1997, European Union yakavandudza mitemo yekuenzana kwevakadzi:

• kufanana kwakakwana kwevarume nevakadzi munzvimbo yebasa;
• iyo yakachengeteka inogara munzvimbo yebasa yeve pamuviri, munguva pfupi yapfuura yakaberekwa kuberekwa uye kukwezva;
• mubayiro wakaenzana webasa;
• kuiswa kwechisungo kune vatungamiri vanosarura.

Kuenzana kweGender Munyika Yemazuva Ano

Mutemo weGender Equality Act uri muNordic nyika (Scandinavian model). Kukosha kwekumiririra kwevakadzi muhurumende kunopiwawo munyika dzakadai seNetherlands, Ireland, Germany. MuCanada, pane hurumende dzakagadziriswa mumiririri: Utariri hweVadzimai, Gender Equality Section yeCanada International Development Agency. USA muna 1963 - 1964 makore. inotora mitemo mubhadharo akaenzana uye inorambidzwa kusarurwa.

Vakadzi uye kuenzana kwevakadzi

Kuenzana kwevakadzi pakati pevanhu vemazuva ano kwakabva mumamiriro ezvinhu ehutano hwakadai semadzimai, vakadzi vakataura ivo pachavo nenzira yechisimba chevakadzi chikwata muzana remakore rechi19. - iyi ndiyo yaiva yekutanga yeboka revakadzi rekodzero yekuvhota, kubva muna 1960 - yechipiri chekuita kwehutano hwevanhu pamwe nevanhu. Nhasi mazano ehukadzi, zera rutsva, anotaura kuti kuenzana kwehutano nekuenzana zvakaratidzwa mukuti murume nemudzimai vakaenzana zvakaenzana, nepo mukadzi ane chikadzi chake chemukadzi - chikadzi, uye murume - masculinity.

Zvekare uhu hukadzi hunotaura kuti murume kana mukadzi haafaniri kunyara pamusoro pehutano hwavo uye akasununguka kuzvidya sezvaunoda, hutano pachahwo hunogona kusawirirana nehupenyu hwepabonde uye hunobatanidzwa nemunhu anozviona. Mamwe maitiro echikadzi anotsigirawo kuenzana kwepabonde pane zvakaenzana nehutano pasinei nerudzi, rudzi, ruvara rweganda revanhu.

Kuenzana kwevakadzi pabasa rebasa

Icho chirevo chekuenzana kwepabonde chinoreva kuti varume nemadzimai vane kodzero imwechete kune chero nzvimbo mune imwe sangano revanhu kana yega. Pfungwa inokosha pano ndeyokuti mukadzi angagamuchira mubhadharo kwete pasi pemurume ari kushanda mundima imwe chete. Ichokwadi, kuenzana kwehutano mumusika wevashandi wenyika dzakasiyana iri muzvikamu zvakasiyana zvekusimudzirwa. Kuenzana kwevanhukadzi kunotungamirira munyika dzeEuro. Pakati penyika dzeCIS ndeBelarus, Russia nyika ine tsika yemadzitateguru yekusashandisa kuenzana kwevakadzi.

Gender Equality Mumhuri

Kuenzana kwevanhukadzi kune kuparadza mhuri, anodaro mushumiri weMoscow, Archpriest Alexander Kuzin, achivimba nemutemo waMwari. Nhengo yemhuri inofanira kuramba ichichengetedza uye isingashanduki, uye kusunungura kunoparadza mhuri yemadzitateguru. Chirongwa chekuzvidzivirira chakakura cheSweden chakaitwa kuti chiongorore kukanganisa kwehutano kuenzana kwebasa rebaba naamai kunogona kutungamirira kune zvinetso zvepfungwa zvinoramba zvichiitika kuvana. Izvozvo kana zvimwe zvinokanganisa zvinowanikwa mu 23% yevana mumhuri yemadzitateguru, 28% yevana vanogara mumhuri dzinotsika-tsika, uye 42% ndivo vana vanobva kumhuri yakaenzana nevakadzi.

Gender Equity Rating

Gore roga roga, World Economic Forum inopa mushumo (Global Gender Gap Report) kune nyika dzakasiyana-siyana, zvichibva pakudzidza zvidzidzo zvina:

• kusabatanidzwa kwevakadzi muhupfumi nemikana inosangana nayo;
• dzidzo;
• chiyero chevakadzi vevana vanozvarwa;
• kubatanidzwa kwevakadzi mune zvematongerwe enyika.

Dhiyabhorosi yakagadzirwa inoongororwa uye kuenzaniswa kwenyika pamusoro pehutano hwehutano kunoitwa. Nhasi, chiyero ichi, chakagamuchirwa mukudzidza kwenyika 144, chinoratidzika seizvi:

1. Iceland;
2. Norway;
3. Finland;
4. Rwanda;
5. Sweden;
6. Slovenia;
7. Nicaragua;
8. Ireland;
9. New Zealand;
10. The Philippines.

Nyika dzakasara, dzisina kubatanidzwa mu-10-pamusoro, dzakagoverwa sezvinotevera:

• Republic of Belarus - 26th place;
• Kazakhstan - 51;
• Ukraine - 61;
• Russia - 71;
• Kyrgyzstan - 81;
• Georgia - 94;
• Armenia - 97;
• Tajikistan - 98.

Gender Equality muRussia

Nzvimbo yemukadzi kunyange zvisati zvaitika munguva pfupi yapfuura MuRussia yaifungidzirwa isinganzwisisike, kubva mumabhuku ezvinyorwa zvekare, Cathedral Code ya1649, kana mukadzi akauraya murume wake akamuviga ari mupenyu muvhu, uye murume akauraya mudzimai wake akaiswa pasi pekutendeuka kwechechi chete. Kodzero yefa yaive yakawanda mune varume. Munguva yeHurumende yeRussia, mitemo yakaramba ichidzivirira kunyanya varume uye kusvikira 1917 vanhu vokuRussia vairambidzwa kupinda muzvinhu zvakakosha zvehurumende. IOctober Revolution ye1917 yakaunza maBolshevik simba uye akachinja hukama pakati pevakadzi.

MunaSeptember 1918, simba rekutonga rakaratidza vakadzi nevarume mumhuri uye mumagetsi. Muna 1980, sangano reRussia rakagadza Sangano reUnited Nations pamusoro pekuparadzaniswa kwechisarudzo pamusoro pevakadzi, asi mutemo wekuenzana kwevechikadzi muRussia hauna kugamuchirwa, hurumende yehurumende yakakumbirisa kuBumbiro reMitemo, iro ratova nenyaya 19.2, inotaura kuti pasinei nehupombwe, vagari vemunyika yose ine kodzero dzakakwana uye rusununguko rwakachengetedzwa nehurumende.

Gender Equality muEurope

Kuenzana kwevakadzi muEurope nhasi kunofungidzirwa kuti ndiyo nheyo yehupenyu hwevanhu . Nheyo yehutano hwevakadzi pamwe chete inobudirira kutungamirira munyika dzakadai seNorway, Finland neSweden, Denmark, Iceland. Zvimwe zvinokonzera kukurudzirwa kwehutano hwehutano:

1. Demo rezvematongerwe enyika uye hutungamiri hwevanhu munharaunda yekusikwa kwehurumende umo hupenyu hwevanhu hunoenderana nehutano hwavo. Kodzero dzevanhu dzakagadzirirwa kuchengetedza kuenzana kwevakadzi.
2. Kuwanika kwemhando ipi zvedzidzo yevashandi uye nzvimbo yebasa yevakadzi. Basa rakakwirira kwazvo revakadzi muIceland (kupfuura 72% yevakadzikadzi) uye Denmark (vanenge 80%). Nhamba huru yevakadzi inobata nzvimbo munzvimbo dzehupfumi hwevanhu, asi varume vari voga. MuDenmark, kubvira muna 1976, mutemo webhadharo yakaenzana yevarume nevakadzi wakagamuchirwa. MuSweden, kubvira muna 1974, kune mutemo wezvigadziro, maererano neiyo 40% yemabasa yakachengeterwa vakadzi.
3. Mumiririri wevakadzi mumichina ye simba. Norwegians vanodavira kuti hupenyu hwemunyika hunoenderana nekubatanidzwa kwevakadzi muhurumende, pamwe chete muSweden neFinland, umo vanopfuura makumi mana kubva ku40% yevakadzi vane hurumende yehurumende.
4. Kuvandudza mitemo yekurwisa kusarura. Mumatunhu mashanu mashanu eNorth Europe muhafu yekutanga yema90. mitemo pamusoro pehutano hwevakadzi pabonde ose ehupenyu yakagamuchirwa, iyo inorambidza kusarura zvakananga nekusaziva kune varume nevakadzi.
5. Kusika kwehumwe nzira dzekuita kuti kuenzana kwevanhu vanoita zvepabonde (masangano evanhu, madhipatimendi ehuenzana). Nyanzvi dzinokosha dzinoongorora kupikiswa kwehutano hwehutano.
6. Kutsigira kweboka revakadzi. Muna 1961, nhengo yeSweden People's Party yakanyora hurukuro yeChirongwa cheEmancipation yevakadzi, iyo yakasvikidzana nhaurirano uye kugadziriswa kushanda kwepurogiramu yekubudirira kwekuenzana, anti-crisis centers yakasunungurwa kune vakadzi vanoitirwa chisimba nevarume, nzvimbo dzakagamuchira rubatsiro rwemari kubva kune hurumende. Kushambadzira kwevakadzi kwekuenzana kunotanga kukura zvakafanana mune dzimwe nyika dzeNorthern Europe.

Zuva rekuenzana kwevakadzi

Zuva rekuenzana kwevakadzi - zuva rekuzivikanwa kwemazuva ose evakadzi mugore raMarch 8 rinoonekwa sezuva rekukodzera kodzero dzevakadzi munyika dzeEurope, pamwe chete nevarume mukuwana mubayiro iwoyo, kodzero yekudzidza uye kugamuchira chero basa, kubata nzvimbo dzakakwirira. Kutanga kwegadziriro iyi kwakaiswa nehutsva hwevashandi vepurasitiki muna 1857. Kufananidzwa kwevarume kwekuenzana kwevakadzi kwemajeri kunoonekwa sezororo repasi rose revarume, zuva rakasimbiswa neUUN munaNovember 19 uye rakapembererwa munyika 60.