Pasinei nekubudirira uye kuchinja kwenyika, munyika dzakawanda zvikwata zvinotonga mumigwagwa. Imwe yeboka rinotyisa uye ine ngozi muAmerica ndeye MS-13. Kubva pane ruzivo pamusoro pehupenyu hwake, mitemo nemitambo, mazai anotsvaira anofamba mumuviri wake.
MuAmerica, kune boka rakarongeka rezvemhosva rinotyisa munhu wese - Mara Salvatrucha kana MS-13. Zvinotendwa kuti zvakatanga mumakore makumi mapfumbamwe emakore ekupedzisira, apo panguva yehondo yehurumende muEcuador, nhamba yakawanda yeLatin America yakatamira kuUnited States. Maererano nekufungidzira kwakasiyana-siyana, chikwata chinosanganisira kubva kune makumi mashanu kusvika ku300 zviuru zvevanhu pasi rose. Uye nhamba yavo inoramba ichiwedzera.
MS-13 inosangana nekutengesa zvinodhaka, kupamba uye kuponda. Mutungamiri weAmerica Donald Trump akati mune imwe yevvunzurudzo dzake kuti akagadzirira kukurumidzira kubata neboka iri, nekuti zviito zvavo zvatoenda kupfuura zvese zvinokwanisika. Tinokupa iwe kuti udzidze tsika dzinokosha uye tsika dzaMar Salvatrucha.
1. Shamwari kune shamwari yegomo
Muchikwata chinotyisa cheAmerica, nheyo huru inobatsira rubatsiro. Nhengo dzeboka iri dzakagadzirira panguva ipi zvayo masikati nousiku kuti vauye kuzobatsira shamwari yavo. Kana mumwe munhu anobva kune MS-13 akanyora kana kukanda "shamwari" mumamiriro ezvinhu akaoma, ipapo ari kumirira rufu.
2. Itai vechidiki
Vagari veMar Salvatrucha vanoshandisa marudzi akasiyana evanhu vakashandira kuti vakweve vechidiki vanovimbiswa. Semuenzaniso, panguva iyo vanoronga mapato ekutambudzika, apo vadzidzi nevana vechikoro vanouya vanofarira kurasikirwa zvidzidzo. Pakati pevanhu vakadaro vanofara vanoita kuti vaduku vanyengedze.
3. Matambi emigwagwa
Kwete muAmerica chete, asiwo kune dzimwe nyika, unogona kuona graffiti uye mapoka echechi pamadziro edzimba, masvingo uye zvimwe zvivako. Uyu ndiwo mutauro wekuraira, unoratidza kuti ndiani anotonga munharaunda ino, vanoita kuti zvive pachena kuti makwikwi haasi mauri. Kune boka rakasiyana re graffiti rakatsaurirwa kune avo vachangobva kuurayiwa.
4. Kubvumirwa kwevanhu vatsva kuenda kuchikwata
Kuti uve nhengo yakakwana ye MS-13, munhu anofanira kutora nhanho mbiri. Zvakakosha kuziva kuti kunyange vana vanobvumirwa kupinda muboka, kubva pazera remakore masere. Nhanho yekutanga inosanganisira kurohwa kwevamwe nhengo dzakasimba dzechikwata, uye ichi chiito chinopera mashure gumi nemaviri. Zvingaita sekuti izvi zviduku zvikuru, asi chaizvoizvo, kana iwe usingazvidziviriri iwe, uye vanhu vazhinji vanorwisa, unogona kuwana kukuvara kwakakomba. Chikamu chechipiri ndiko kuurawa kweumwe munhu kubva kumakwikwi eboka, iyo iyo yakabvumirwa inopiwa zvombo uye yakadyarwa munharaunda ine utsinye.
5. Kuchengetedza kuvimbika
Pakati pevatori vechikamu kune kukwikwidzana nguva dzose, uye kuitira kuti usatadza kurasikirwa nekuvimbika kwayo, zvakakosha kutsigira. Saka, nhengo yese yechikwata inofanira kugara ichiita mhirizhonga yakasiyana-siyana. Vatangadzi vanoita basa tsvina - kuponda, kubata chibharo, kuba, asi varume vekare vanogadzirisa nyaya dzakaoma, semuenzaniso, dzine chokuita nekutswa kwezvombo nemishonga.
6. Kutenda muna Satani
Mara Salvatrucha anonamata Satani pachena. Nhengo dzechikwata dzinoita mitambo yakasiyana-siyana kuti vaonge masimba emasikati ekutsigirwa kwavo. Pane uchapupu hwekuti vatadzi vanoita tsika yokuuraya kakawanda.
7. Mutauro Wemasaini
Chikwata chinotyisa zvikuru cheAmerica chine mutauro wemasaini, chavakadana kuti "chimiro", somuenzaniso, kugadzika mudumbu, zvinoreva kuti iwe unoda kushandisa bhomba, uye kuzunungusa kubva pamafudzi ako - mapanga. Kusiyanisa kunokodzera chiratidzo chikuru chaMar Salvatrucha - "mbudzi" yeminwe, iyo yakafanana neyekuti "M". Chiratidzo chakasarudzwa muma1980 nevatangi vechikwata, avo vaiva vateereri vesimbi inorema.
8. Miedzo yevakadzi
Munharaunda dzisina kukodzera, varume vanobva muchikwata chinonyanya kuzivikanwa vanyanyisa, uye vasikana vakawanda vanoda kupinda navo. Vamiririri vehutano hwakanaka vanogona kuva nhengo dzeboka, asi nokuda kweizvi vanofanira kurara nevane nhengo 15 dze MS-13. Maererano nenhare iripo, anenge 20% yechikwata ndevasikana.
9. Kutengesa hakugamuchiri
Chinhu chinotyisa zvikuru chinogona kuitika mu MS-13 chiri kutengesa, izvo zvinorangwa norufu. Kuti udzivise kuputika panguva yeboka reboka, pane murairo - kana iwe uchipa mhosva mumwe munhu, saka panofanira kunge kune uchapupu hwakasimba pamusoro peizvi, nokuti iwewo uchapiwa mhosva nokuda kwekunyengera. Chikwata hachizvidembi chero munhu, somuenzaniso, muna 2003, mukadzi ane pamuviri akaurayiwa pedyo neWashington, iyo, senhengo yeboka iro, yakaudza FBI.
10. Utsinye husina musoro
Kuvatori veboka iri vakaita mhosva, havadi chikonzero. Chikwata chine nguva refu chiri mutungamiriri mukuita kuuraya pasina chikonzero. Izvi zvakakosha kuitira kuchengetedza mamiriro e "sangano rinotyisa".
11. Rudo Relationships
Kana chikamu chechikwata chiine musikana, saka haagoni kubatwa chibharo kana kurohwa nemamwe varume, iye oga ane kodzero yekuzviita. Mune hukama hwakadaro, mukadzi haana kodzero yekuvhota uye inzvimbo. Panguva imwecheteyo, zvikwata zvinotyisa vana vavo nekutya, vachizviona ivo vateveri vavo.
12. Kururamisa zvakasimba
Maererano nehutano huripo, MS-13 ine yepamusoro-soro yekuranga pakati pemamwe mapoka eAmerica, anotsanangurwa nechikamu chinokosha chekubudirira kwavo. Nhengo dzesangano iri hadzina kodzero yekuzviratidza munzvimbo dzevanhu munzvimbo yekudhakwa uye kuronga kuderedza. Zvinorambidzwa kurasikirwa neimba yechikwata uye kupotsa misangano.
Mukuwedzera, kune mimwe mitemo yakawanda mukati memukati memukati. Muvambi anogona kutanga kutambiswa nehukuru kana kurohwa, uye nguva inotevera inofanirwa kumirira rufu. Iko kune ruzivo rwekuti vanhu vakawanda vanourayiwa muchikwata kupfuura ivo vanofa panguva yekuratidzwa nevakwikwi. Pane humwe uchapupu hwokuti mumapoka akasiyana aMara Salvatrucha zvakare akazorora, kubva kuEl Salvador yakatumira "chirango", chinotungamirira vanhu vanoverengeka nokuda kwekudzidzisa.
13. Zvinyorwa zvitsva
Pakutanga, nhengo dzeboka iri remhosva dzakafukidza muviri wawo nematoto, uye vaigona "kuverenga" zveruzivo rwemunhu: biography, hutsika, unhu munzvimbo. Vose vekare vechikwata chechikwata vanofanira kunge vane tattoo pachiso chake. Chinyorwa chinonyanyozivikanwa ndechekuchera pasi peziso, zvinoreva kuponda. Zvakakosha kuziva kuti vatsva vatsva vakatanga kutora tattoo, uye ichi ndicho chikonzero chinangwa - mifananidzo pamuviri iri nyore kwazvo, kuziva, kuyeuka nekuwana munhu.
14. Kukura zviyero
Iko kukanganisa kutenda kuti chikwata chinongobatsira chete mumigwagwa. Maererano neFBI, vanopfuura chikamu chemazana ayo vanoshandira mumauto eAmerica, vachigamuchira dzidzo yehondo uye kuunganidza vanhu vatsva panguva imwe chete. Majeri eboka iri iri imba yechipiri kana yunivhesiti iyo inodzidza pfungwa. MuEl Salvador, kune majeri apo nhengo dze MS-13 chete dzinogara, uye kunyange vatariri vezvikwata vanoita kuda. Inosvika kune imwe nzvimbo yemusoro.
15. Kuti hakuna munhu anonzwisisa
Nhengo dzeboka racho dzine slang yavo, iyo inopfuudzwa kubva kumarudzi kusvika kune mamwe marudzi: somuenzaniso, shoko rokuti "kuropafadza" rinoreva kuti munhu anofanira kuuraya, uye mazwi okuti "kutungamira kune chiedza chemavara" zvinoreva kuronga munhu. Pakati pevamwe vanhu, zvikwata zvinosarudza kutaura mumutauro wakafa weAztecs, uyo pasina munhu anonzwisisa zvachose.
16. Kunyatsofunga nezvehurumende
Mara Salvatrucha ane chikwata chakakosha, chinoita kuti chive chakasimba zvikuru uye chisingazogadziriswi kururamisiro. Kune maboka akawanda akasiyana akashanda akasiyana kubva kune mumwe. Boka roga roga rine vatungamiri varo vanoziva mumunhu uye vanosangana nevatungamiriri vakuru. Nenzira, nhengo yepamusoro ye MS-13, inonzi "gungano repfumbamwe" uye iri muEl Salvador.
17. Tsamba dzekunyunyuta
Kunyange zvazvo zvisingagamuchirwi kutora musangano iri, nhengo ipi zvayo inogona kunyunyuta kuti boka revakidzani harishandi zvakanaka kana kuita zvimwe zviito zvinopesana nemitemo. Kuti aite izvi, anofanira kunyora tsamba kune "dare revapfumbamwe." Kana humwe uchapupu hunokosha, mutauriri anorayirwa kuuraya musoro weboka iri uye kutora nzvimbo yake.
18. Kubata upenyu hwose
Kana munhu akambotanga kupinda muchikwata, zvino ndezvekusingaperi, nokuti hazvibviri kuregera uye kunyange zvakanyanya kuregera. Mune MS-13, migwagwa yose inotungamirira kunzvimbo nhatu chete: jeri, chipatara uye kumakuva, saka kana munhu achiti anoda kupedzisira ane mhosva, ipapo bhiri rinomumirira.