Mune mumwe mufananidzo wakazivikanwa unonzi munhu anopiwa nzeve mbiri uye muromo mumwe, izvi zvinoreva kuti vanhu vanofanira kuteerera zvishoma pane kuteerera. Zvakakosha kuti munhu anzwe, anzwisise, uye anoteerera zvakare - zvinhu zvakawanda uye zvakavanzika zvinonzwisiswa. Kunyatsoteerera ndeye nzira yakagamuchira kuvimbana pakati pepfungwa dzepfungwa nekuda kwekubudirira kwayo uye nyore.
Chii chinoteerera kuteerera?
Kunyatsoteerera kana kuzvininipisa kune imwe nzira inonzi American psychotherapist, muumbi wezvepfungwa dzevanhu Karl Rogers akaunza psychotherapy. Kunyatsoteerera ndechimwe chinhu chinobatsira kunzwa, kunzwisisa manzwiro, manzwiro emukatikati, inotungamirira hurukuro yakadzika uye kubatsira munhu kuti ararame uye achinje maitiro ake. MuRussia, iyo nzira yakagadzirwa uye yakatsigirwa nemhando dzakasiyana-siyana nekuda kwechiremba wepfungwa yevana Yu Gippenreiter.
Empathic kuteerera mune zvepfungwa
Nzira dzekuteerera mukuteerera mune zvepfungwa dzinobatsira kubatana nekugadzira kukurukurirana, kuwana nzvimbo yezvinetso zvevatengi uye kusarudza chirongwa chakakodzera chemunhu. Mukushanda nevana - iyi ndiyo nzira yakanakisisa, nokuti mwana muduku achiri kunyanya kuziva uye anoziva manzwiro avo. Munguva yekunzwa kwepathic, chiremba anosiya matambudziko ake, zviitiko zvepfungwa uye anonyatsotarisa murwere.
Kunyatsoteerera kuteerera - marudzi
Mhando dzekuteerera zvinotevedzana dzinogadziriswa kuva varume nevakadzi. Zviratidzo zvemhando imwe neimwe:
- Varume vanoteerera - vanotora kufungidzira uye vanoshandiswa mumakwikwi emabhizimisi, kukurukurirana mune zvebhizimisi. Izvo zvakagamuchirwa kubva kune interlocutor zvakanyatsoongororwa kubva kumativi akasiyana-siyana, vazhinji vanojekesa mibvunzo vanobvunzwa, sezvo varume vakagadzirirwa mugumisiro. Pano pane zvakakodzera uye zvinonzwisisika kutsoropodza.
- Vakadzi vanoteerera . Pamusana pemanzwiro echisikiro nekugara kwakanyanya kwemanzwiro - vakadzi vanowanzarura uye vane tsitsi huru: kuva ne interlocutor pamwechete, vanobatanidzwa naye mumatambudziko ake. Kunzwira tsitsi hakugoni kuve-kwakanzwiwa nemumwe munhu uye kunoita kuti avimbe kuti azviratidze. Mumadzimai anonzwa maitiro ekufananidzira anoshandiswa, kusimbiswa pamanzwiro anotaurwa uye manzwiro.
Iyo nzira yekuteerera inoshanda
Kunyatsoteerera ndeye nzira uye panguva imwechete nzira yekufungisisa pane mumwe munhu, apo zvose zvisinganzwisisiki uye mashura zvinotorwa munyaya yekukurukurirana: kucherechedza inzwi, mazwi, maziso, maitiro uye kusununguka kamwe kamwe. Izvo zvikamu zvakakosha zvemuitiro wekuteerera nekuteerera:
- Neutrality . Kudzivisa kuongorora, kutsoropodza, kutongwa. Kubvuma uye kuremekedzwa kwemunhu sezvavari.
- Goodwill . Mamiriro akadzikama uye mafungiro kune mutauriri, achimukurudzira kuti arambe achitaura pamusoro pake, chinetso - kunobatsira pakuzorodza uye kuvimba.
- Kufarira kwechokwadi . Chimwe chezvinhu zvinonyanya kukosha mune simba rekuteerera zvakasimba, zvinobatsira munhu kuti ataure zvakakwana uye ajekese chinetso chacho
Nzira dzekuteerera nekuteerera
Nzira dzekuteerera zvinotevedzana dzakasiyana siyana uye dzakasiyana. Muchikoro chepfungwa, kune nzira shanu huru yekuteerera kwakasimba:
- A pause . Zvakakosha kuti munhu ataure kunze kusvikira kuguma uye kumbomira zvinodiwa mukukurukurirana. Izvi hazvirevi kuti iwe unoda kuramba wakanyarara nguva dzose: poddakivanie ("hongu", "hugo"), kumusoro-chinya musoro chiratidzo kune munhu vanomuteerera.
- Tsanangudzo . Nokuda kwemashoko akajeka, kujekesa mibvunzo kunoshandiswa kuti usafungidzira mamiriro ezvinhu uye kuti unzwisise zviri nani mutauriri kana mutengi.
- Paraphrase . Nzira iyo iyo inonzwa ichitaurirwa kumukurukuri muchimiro pfupi uye inobvumira mutauriri kuti asimbise kuti "hongu, zvinhu zvose ndizvo", kana kutsanangura nekujekesa pfungwa dzinokosha.
- Echo-chirevo (kudzokorora) - "kudzoka" kwemashoko kumutauriri nenzira isina kuchinjwa - munhu anonzwisisa kuti anonyatsoteerera (usashandisa zvisina kufanira hurukuro iyi mukukurukurirana).
- Kufungisisa kwemanzwiro . Mitsara inofanana nezvakaitika kumunhu inoshandiswa: "Iwe wakatsamwa ...", "Panguva iyoyo zvaive zvakanyanya kurwadza / kufara / kusuruvara nokuda kwako."
Inotungamirira pakuteerera kushingaira
Nheyo dzekuteerera zvakasimba dzinosanganisira zvikamu zvinokosha, pasina iyo iyo nzira haina kushanda:
- iyo interlocutor haigoni kuvharwa;
- mubvunzo wakabvunzwa unotaridzira mhinduro yacho, hazvikurudzirwi kupindura kana kubatsira nemhinduro, iyo interlocutor pachake inofanira kupindura mubvunzo - munhu anofanira kutsungirira pause;
- kutarisa kusangana muhurukuro yose;
- zvakakosha mhinduro: rubatsiro, nod nod head;
- kana uchirarama nehasha, manzwiro asina kunaka nemunhu, zvakakosha kumurega kuti aakande kunze kusvikira amira.
Kudzidzira kunoteerera zvakasimba
Nzira dzekuteererwa kwepathic dzinoshandiswa padzidziso dzepfungwa, mumapoka. Chinangwa chekudzidzira ndechekudzidza kuti unonzwa sei imwe, kurisa zvinetso nzvimbo dzaunokwanisa kushanda nadzo. Mudzidzisi anoputsa mapoka mumapoka uye anopa basa-maitiro anokwanisa kusiyana:
- Dzidzirai kunyatsoteerera kuteerera . Mudzidzisi anopa nhengo nhatu dzeboka zvakasiyana-siyana zvakadhindwa, inonzwa maminitsi matatu, panguva iyo mashoko acho pamwe chete anoverengwa nevatatu vatori vechikamu. Basa iro kune vaverengi: kuti vanzwe izvo vamwe vaviri vari kuverenga, dzimwe nhengo dzeboka racho dzinofanirawo kunzwa uye kunzwisisa kuti zvinyorwa zvose ndezvipi.
- Ita mano ekukwanisa kuwanikwa mumashoko e-interlocutor kutendeseka kana kuti finesse . Mudzidzisi anopa makadhi ane misoro yakanyorwa pamusoro pavo. Basa revatori vechikamu kuti vatendeuke kuverenga mutsara wavo uye vasingafungi nezvekuenderera mberi nhoroondo kubva kwavari, kutanga pfungwa. Ivamwe vatori vateereri vanoteerera nekuteerera: munhu wacho akatendeseka kana kwete. Kana mashoko acho aive echokwadi, saka vamwe vanosimudzira ruoko rwavo zvinyararire kuti vanobvumirana, kana zvisingaiti, mubatiro wacho anokokwa kuti atore kadhi zvakare uye edza zvakare. Mitsara padhigiramu inogona kunge yakadai:
- pavanodanidzira kwandiri, ini ndakagadzirira ...
- Dzimwe nguva ndinoratidzwa nehuroyi, munguva pfupi ini ....
- Ndine zvikanganiso zvangu ...
- mukati mawo ndinoda ...
- Ndinoshushikana nevanhu ...
- kadhi isina chinhu (kutaura nomwoyo wose pamusoro pako iwe chii chinouya mupfungwa panguva ino).
Kushamisika kwekuteerera kuteerera
Empathic kuteerera ndiyo nzira inogona kuita zvishamiso. Inyanzvi yekuteerera inoshanda iri nyore kushandisa uye inoda kunyatsofunga pakutanga. Paunoshandisa nzira mumhuri, zvinhu zvinoshamisa zvinoitika:
- makore anokanganisa;
- Kutaurirana kwakadzika uye kwakadzika pakati pevabereki nevana kunoumbwa;
- muimba kune mamiriro ekudziya uye kugamuchirana kwemhuri yemhuri.
Kunyatsoteerera - mabhuku
Kunyatsoteerera nekuteerera - maitiro ose aya anonzi anoshanda mune zvepfungwa uye anowirirana. Kutanga kutanga mafirologist uye chero ani anoda kuvanzwisisa vanhu, kuumba hukama hwechokwadi hwechokwadi - mabhuku anotevera achabatsira:
- "Dzidza kuteerera" M. Moskvin . Mubhuku rake, hupenyu hwemudhiyo hunotaurira nyaya uye hunotaura nezvekukosha kwekumuteerera mutauriri.
- "Mano okuteerera. Iyo nyanzvi yepamusoro maneja »Bernard Ferrari . Nhoroondo yacho inotaura kuti 90% yevashandi uye matambudziko emhuri anogona kugadziriswa kuburikidza nekuteerera kwakasimba.
- "Kushamiswa kwekuterera kwakasimba" Yu Gippenreiter. Kudzidza kunzwa nokunzwa kune vaunoda ndiko kuvimbiswa kwehukama hwemhuri mumhuri.
- "Haugone kuudza mutereri. Zvimwe zvekugadzirisa masimba "Ed. Shane . Kubudirira kukurukurirana hakugoneki kunze kwekucherechedza mitemo mitatu: kutaura shoma, kubvunza nounyanzvi mibvunzo, kuratidza kuvonga kune mutauriri.
- "Unyanzvi hwokutaura nekuteerera" M. Adler . Bhuku rinomutsa matambudziko ekukurukurirana. Kuteerera chinhu chinokosha chekukurukurirana pakati pevanhu. Bhuku rinopa mazano anokosha uye maitiro ekutanga ekuteerera kwakasimba.