Chii chinopa kodzero yorudzi rumwe kuzvikudza pamusoro peumwe uye kuderedza kukudzwa uye kodzero? Kusarura, sechimwe chekare, kuchiri kuchengetwa kune dzimwe nyika uye hachirevi chete kupatsanurana pakati pemarudzi, asi kunowanikwawo mune zvemagariro mune zvakasiyana-siyana: zvematongerwo enyika, chitendero, pfungwa.
Kusarura - chii ichocho?
Kusarura rudzi rwekusarura kwechisarura, rwunosanganisira kuparadzaniswa kweboka rimwe revanhu pane rumwe rudzi rwemadzinza kana rwechitendero. Nhoroondo yakareba yekuumbwa kwevanhu inowedzera mukuderera kwevamwe vanhu nevamwe, kazhinji chete pamusana pekusiyana kwemuvara weganda uye mararamiro nemaitiro. Kubvira panguva yekare, vanhu vane ruvara rweganda chena vakafunga kuti vanotonga pamusoro pemarudzi enyika. Kuburikidza kwenyika yeIndia, Africa, uye North America chiratidzo cheizvi.
Muenzaniso wekupatsanurana kwakadaro nderusaruradzi - mutemo wekusarura kwemarudzi evanhu veBantu muSouth Africa Republic zvakarongeka kusvika muna 1994. Chirevo chekusarura kwaiva nenzira inotevera:
- nzvimbo yakatsaurwa yeBantu munzvimbo yakadzikidzwa yakachengetedzwa;
- kurasa kodzero dzevanhu;
- iyo yakanyanya kunaka kurapwa kweutano;
- kubva pane zvingabvumirwa chete nezviito zvakakosha, izvo zvakanga zvakaoma kuwana;
- kushanda kwechimwe chimiro chebasa;
- zvakasiyana: kutakura vanhu, zvipatara, zvikoro, zvunivhesiti.
Kusarura muna Psychology
Kusarura mune zvepfungwa - izvi ndezvechokwadi zvakagadziriswa muhukama pakati pevanhu, apo munhu anoona mumwe munhu kuburikidza nejeri rekuisa kakawanda kusina kunaka, kwakagadzirwa mune rumwe ruzhinji rwevanhu: nzvimbo, chitendero, nezvimwe. Mafungiro evanhu evanhu anodzidza kuitika kwekusarura, izvo zvinoratidzika kuratidzwa mumamiriro ekuyaruka kwepakati pemakore apo kune kugovana mu "wega" uye "vamwe" uye vose vari kuyaruka kuti vave "vega" vanotanga uye vanomanikidzwa kuteerera mitemo yeboka kana iye asingadi kuva mutezo.
Mitemo yekusarura
Ethnos kurarama paPasi Nyika inoratidzirwa nezvinhu zvavo zvakasiyana uye zvakasiyana-siyana uye maitiro - zvose izvi zvinopa chishuvo chakanaka, chimiro chinoda kusiyana. Asi nokuda kwechimwe chikonzero, kamwe kamwe, maererano nezviratidzo izvi zvakasiyana, pane kuparadzaniswa kwete chete pakati pemamwe marudzi, asiwo mumagariro sekuzara. Kusarura kunotanga kukanganisa ruzivo rwakasiyana-siyana rwevanhu.
Maitiro ekusarura:
- tsika;
- Zvepabonde;
- anthropological;
- chikoro (kirasi);
- unyanzvi;
- chimiro (chinzvimbo).
Kusarura kwevanhu
Kusarura kunorevei munharaunda? Kusarura kwevanhu mune zvemagariro kwakagadzirirwa kuva chaiyo (de facto), iyo inomuka pakarepo, pachedu mumatongerwo emagariro evanhu, uye pamutemo (de jure) - inoparidzirwa nevane masimba: kugadziriswa mumhando dzakasiyana dzekodzero dzevanhu. Mienzaniso yekusarura kwemutemo kunowanikwa muzuva redu:
- Kuparadzana kwevatashanyi kuCuba - vagari vomunharaunda havabvumirwi kushandisa marudzi ese emabasa ayo ndeongotarisa vatashanyi.
- Kusarura kwevanhu vari muRPC - vagari vomumaruwa havana kodzero yekuenda kumaguta.
Kusarura kwechisarura
Kusarurana kwakasvibira kwave kuri muUnited States kwemakore anopfuura mazana maviri, asi chaizvoizvo yakareba kwenguva refu uye inogona kuwanikwa mumasangano ezvidzidzo. Sangano rakashata-rakarurama reKu Klux Klan rakabudirira muma1860s. uye kuisa pfungwa dzehupamhi hwevatsvene pamusoro pekutsva - kushungurudzwa zvakashata nevatema. Mimwe mienzaniso yekusarura kwemarudzi:
- kurambidzwa kwemichato yakavhengana pakati peAmerica neJapan;
- kunenge kupera kwakakwana kwevaIndia vokuNorth America uye kubatwa kwenyika dzavo muzana remakore rechina reXIX.
Kusarura kwevakadzi
Mwana wacho anodzidza, anoumba nzvimbo yakapoteredza, anobatanidza nevamiririri vevasikana vakasiyana. Mutambo wacho unonyatsoparadzira mitambo kune vakomana: matangi, kupfura, kutamba uye vasikana: dhiki, vanasikana-vanamai, mhizha. Kusarurana kwevanhukadzi kunopesana kuva mapoka maererano nehuwandu hwehupombwe hwehupenyu, hupfungwa hwepfungwa. Kazhinji kune chiitiko apo mukomana nemusikana ari shamwari uye vanoda kushamwaridzana - izvi zvinokonzera kusateerera kwakanaka kubva kune vamwe vana uye mazwi "mwenga nemukomba!" Inonzwika sekumhura.
Mukukura, kusarura kwevakadzi kunoratidzwa muzvirongwa:
- pakati pemurume nemukadzi shamwari neshamwari dzekuvimba hazvibviri, kune nguva dzose zvepabonde;
- nzvimbo dzakakwirira mune zvematongerwo enyika uye hupfumi hunoiswa pasi pevarume chete.
Chimiro chekusarura
Tsika yenyika dzakasiyana uye madzinza, akaumbwa kwemazana emakore akawanda, inharaunda yevanhu uye tsika dzekusarura nhasi ndeye nzira yakasiyana-siyana inobatsira ramangwana uye inobvumira kuchengetedza tsika netsika dzenyika nenzira isingachinji, tsika. Kusarura mutsika kunoitwa kuburikidza negayega, nzvimbo yakasiyana uye kuzvimiririra, kuratidzirwa mukusavapo kwekusimudzira (kubatwa nemaitiro eimwe ethnos) uye kushivirira kune dzimwe tsika pane "kure".
Occupational segregation
Kusarura kwezvemhando yepamusoro ndiko kuenzanisa uye kusaenzana mumusika wevashandi nemabasa anowirirana zvikuru nekusarura kwevakadzi. Nhoroondo, vakadzi vakagara vaine hutano hwakanyanya kupfuura hutano hwakasimba, hwakavakurudzira kurwira kodzero dzavo. Kune marudzi maviri ekuparadzanisa kwebasa:
- Chimiro - zvipfeko zvose zvakakamurwa kuva "murume" uye "mukadzi", iyo inokonzerwa nebonde . Mukadzi akafanana nemureri, nanny, mukadzi wemba, mubiki, mudzidzisi, munyori. Murume ari chiremba, mukurukota, musayendisiti-academician, muongorori wemari. Mukadzi anofanira kushanda kanoverengeka zvakaoma kuti abudirire kubudirira mumabasa e "murume".
- Kusarura kwakanyanyisa ndiko kunowanikwa kwevanhu vashoma uye mabasa anoremekedzwa kuvakadzi vari mumativi ezvematongerwe enyika, mune zvehupfumi, bhizinesi. Kuti ujekeswe, pfungwa dzinotevera dzinoshandiswa:
- "Girazi denga" - imwe nhanho mumabasa, izvo zvisiri nyore kukura;
- "Kuita zvepabonde" - chido chevakadzi kuti varambe kwenguva yakawanda pavanotanga nzvimbo kana kuti zvisingaiti.
Zvinokonzera kusarura
Zvinetso zvekusarura muvanhu vemazuva ano, vanokurumidza kukura zvakakosha kudarika kare. Chikonzero nei kusarura kuripo kune chiitiko, kune tsanangudzo dzakawanda dzeizvi uye marudzi ose ezvararongerwo ane mamiriro ake chaiwo. Zvikonzero zvekusarura:
- Xenophobia - kutya kusingazivi mutorwa, kusiyana nemumwe munhu wese, kunogona kuderedza kusarura uye tsika dzekusarura.
- Maitiro uye mafungiro emasangano - akaiswa pamusoro pemakore mazana emakore ekuiswa kwepfungwa, kupindira nekufunga nenzira yakasiyana, nenzira itsva. Unhu hwehutano nekusarura kwevanhu.
- Zvimwe zvikonzero zvevanhu vari voga, zvichibva pakuzvipira, manzwiro ekukwirira. Vanhu vakadaro vanova mafungiro ezvakavhiringidza zvemarudzi akasiyana-siyana emapato uye vanobatsira mukuchengetedza kusarura munzanga.