Hunhu muhutano hwekushanduka-shanduka hwakapfuura matanho mazhinji, uye kana pachitangira nzira iyo mitemo yese yenyika yakatsanangurwa kubva kune chechihedheni, maonero ekudenga, zvino nekuvandudzwa kwekufambira mberi kweumhizha, zvinodiwa-zvinhu zvinodiwa zvakasvika mberi. Positivism haina zvisingabvumirane nechokuita ichi.
Chii chinonzi positivism?
Iyi ndiyo tsika yakawanda yehupenyu hweWestern consciousness, iyo yakatsiva hutsika uye yakava mugumisiro wekugadzirisa hurumende yevanhu vakuru. Positivism inotungamira iyo inoramba huzivi uye yakavakirwa pachokwadi chokuti zvinhu zvose zvakasikwa nevanhu-zuva rinofanirwa nesayenzi. Mudzimu we positivism wakaunza nawo kuchinja kwehutungamiri hwehutsika : zvinhu zvose zvemweya, zvakasikwa mumunhu zvakatsiva pasi pano. Icho chitendero, uzivi uye dzimwe dzidziso dzisinganzwisisiki dzakakanganiswa uye dzakatsoropodzwa, uye kubudirira kwemishonga, ruzivo rwezvisikwa, nezvimwewo, zvakapiwa nokuda kwesayenzi chaiyo.
Positivism mufilosofi
Mune mafilosofi, izvi zvakaitwa muma1830 uye zvichiri kuramba zvichiramba zvichiita, zvichikunda matanho matatu ekusimbiswa kwayo:
- classical positivism;
- empirio-kutsoropodza;
- neopositivism.
Positivism mune uzivi isayenzi inobva pamitemo miviri. Chokutanga ndechokuzivikanwa kwehupi ruzivo rwechokwadi rwechokwadi, uye wechipiri runosanganisira kuronga nekugadzirisa kwezvinhu zvesayenzi izvo zvakawedzerwa uye zvakapfupiswa. Chinokosha chekuti positivism ndechokucherechedza, kuedza nekuyera, zvichibva pamitemo yakagadzikana yezvakasikwa, ruzivo rwemunhu pamusoro pake, kureva, zvimwe zviitiko.
Positivism in Sociology
Muvambi weiyo mutungamiri, O. Comte, anofungidzirwa masayenzi ehurumende uye akafunga kuti, pamwe chete nedzimwe sciences dzakanaka, anongotarisa zvinyorwa chete. Sociological positivism yakadzidza mutemo mukurongana nezvimwe zviitiko zvehupfumi uye yakatsigirwa nepo positivist sociology nemafungiro ayo epfungwa uye biologo-natureistic. Comte aidavira kuti nyika inofanira kuvimba nesayenzi. Akapa simba munharaunda kune vazivi, simba uye pfuma zvakapiwa vakuru vehurumende, uye vamiririri vaifanira kushanda.
Positivism muPychology
Iko maonero ekutsvaga mazano ekutsvakurudza akaita basa rinokosha munhoroondo yepfungwa. Unoda kuziva kuti chinangwa chei positivism, zvakakosha kupindura kuti semugumisiro, "kuzvidzora" kwakanyanya kuwedzera. Pachikonzero chesayenzi chaiyo, psychology inomira munzira yayo pachako, kuvimba nemafungiro ekufunga. Kubva pane zvinyorwa zvefilosofi, inoshanduka kuva sainzi yakasununguka neyoyo chaiyo sayenzi yekuraira, nzira uye mafungiro. Pasi paiva nechiso chaiva pachena kufambira mberi kwezivo yechokwadi pamusoro pezvakaitika zvehupenyu hwemweya uye kuvimba kwavo pane zvisikwa zvenyama.
Positivism - inobatsira uye inotyisa
Chido chekuuya kwekudzidzisa kwakadaro kwefilosofi, iyo yakabatanidza nzira dzakanaka uye dzakarurama mune imwe sarudzo imwechete yesayenzi, yakanga isati yaitika, uye zvigaro zvayo zvisina musoro zvinosanganisira:
- Kuzvimiririra uye kuzvimiririra kwesayenzi yakakura kubva pauzivi.
- Mazuva ano positivism inopa hutano hwehupi upi hwefilosoti kune sayenzi chaiye.
- Kusiyanisa pakati peklasi yefilosofi nekrete mazvesayenzi echokwadi.
Kubva kumigodhi kunogona kuonekwa:
- Kushaikwa kwouchapupu hwekuti chizivi hwechiGiriki seicho chinonyanya kukosha mukukudziridza nekusimudzira tsika hakubatsiri, uye mafungiro ayo ekufungisisa aneta.
- Icho chinonyanya kukosha chekuti positivism hachina kunyatsonzwisiswa. Vavaki varo vanoedza kuderedza zvinhu zvose kune ruzivo rwechimiro, asi chimiro chepamusoro chezivo yezvinyorwa muSayenzi hachina kuenzaniswa pakuenzanisa nehutano hwekuita uye basa rakaoma rekutsvakurudza kwesayenzi mumagariro ayo uye sarudzo. Panguva imwecheteyo, ruzivo rwemasvomhu ruzivo rwakanzwisiswa zvisinganzwisisiki, kukosha kwekutengesa kwesayenzi kunoitika, nezvimwe zvakadaro.
Aina dze positivism
Ukama huri pakati peshoko rakadaro se positivism uye postpositivism hunotevera. Ikokupedzisira kwakabuda senzira inopikisa kugadzirisa pfungwa. Vateveri vake vari kubatanidzwa mukudzidza kwekuvandudzwa kwezivo yesayenzi uye chikonzero chekuwirirana kwayo. Positivist vateveri veComte ndivo K. Popper naT. Kuhn. Vakatenda kuti chokwadi chepfungwa uye kuvimbiswa kwayo hachisi kureva kubatana, uye zvinorehwa nesayenzi hazvipikisani mutauro wavo. Mutevedzeri wei positivist wezviitiko izvi haabvumi zvinyorwa zvesayenzi uye zvisiri chesayenzi zvefilosofi.