Vana vekuchikoro vemazuva ano vaizovhunduka kana vaiziva mumamiriro ezvinhu akaita vana vekare veRoma vakadzidza ...
Nhasi chete vanhu vane usimbe havanyengeri dzidzo yemazuva ano, vachitarisa kumashure pokuti "vaimbove vakadzidziswa zviri nani". Munguva iyi, matambudziko akadaro ave akambovapo: munhoroondo yevanhu kwakanga kusina danho rakadaro apo munhu wese aizofara nekudzidziswa kwevana vavo. Nokudaro, zvakakodzera kutarisa kune zvakaitika kare nekufungidzira kuti vana vakararama kare tisati tadzidza: Ko dzidzo yavo yekare yakavatsigira?
Ndiani angapinda pazvikoro zvekudzidzisa?
Masangano ekutanga ekudzidzisa, anonzi chikoro, akawanikwa muRoma yekare muzana remakore rechitatu BC. Vagari vashaya vakanga vasingagoni kuwana kurovedza nokuti zvikoro zvose zvakabhadharwa. Zvisinei, vashandi, vashandi nevaranda havana kumbopinda pane pfungwa yekukumbira dzidzo yekusununguka yevana vavo - vakadzidza unyanzvi hunodiwa pamusha, kushanda sevadzidzi vachiri vaduku. Vamiririri vehupfumi vehurumende dzeRoma vakapa vana vavo kuzvikoro zvepachivande umo vana vavo vanogona kudzidza kuverenga nokunyora vanobatana vanobatsira.
Pakutanga, vasikana nevakomana vakadzidziswa mune rimwe kirasi, asi gare gare imwe dzidzo yakadzidziswa yakatangwa. Nemhaka yehutungamiri hwehurumende munguva iyoyo, mune zvimwe zvidzidzo, vakomana vakadzidziswa unyanzvi hwokurwa uye nheyo dzemutemo weRoma, uye vasikana vakadzidziswa zvinyorwa zvemishonga, vatungamiri vehutungamiriri, nekuchengetwa kwevana. Hazvikwanisi kutaurwa kuti hutano husina simba hwakanga husina hanya: asi, mushure mokuguma kwekirasi yekutanga, vasikana vakashandiswa nevadzidzisi vezvekudzidzira dzidzo dzepamusha. Mukuwedzera kune zvidzidzo zvinokosha, mudzidzisi wega wega akamudzidzisa kuimba, kutamba, rhetoric nemimhanzi: kubudirira kwakave kwakapfuura kupfuura. Kana vakadzidza zvakanyanya mwenga, kazhinji aifanira kuva mudzimai wezvematongerwe enyika akakurumbira.
Chii chaive chikonzero chekudzidzisa maitiro?
Dzidzo yeRoma pachayo yakagoverwa kuva zvikoro zviviri: kutya uye kufara kwekudzidza. Mune zvimwe, chikonzero chikuru chaiva mukana wekurwadziwa pamusana pokusateerera uye zvidzidzo zvisina kudzidza, mune vamwe - chido chekuita mumakakatanwa akasiyana uye pamwe chete kutsvaka chokwadi. Mumasangano ekutanga, vana vakarohwa nekuda kwechikanganiso chiduku, sezvo vadzidzisi vaive nechokwadi chokuti mwana aizodzidza zvakanyanyisa kana aitya vadzidzisi kusvikira afa. Dzimwe dzidzo dzezvematongerwo enyika dzakaisa chido mukuteerera zvidzidzo nekukurukurirana kwepfungwa nevadzidzi pamwe neushamwari hwevadzidzisi nevadzidzi.
Ndivanaani vaiva vadzidzisi vezvikoro zveRoma?
Sezvo kurovedzwa kwakabhadharwa uye kutengesa mari yakawanda, nzira yekudzidzisa yakatendwa nekanakisisa yepamusoro. Vavatangi vezvikoro zvokutanga vaive zviedza zveRoma zvesayenzi, kana vakasunungura varanda vechiGiriki vaiuyisa kuguta dzidzo inoratidzwa munyika yavo. Hurumende yeRoma yakakurumidza kugutsikana kuti varanda nevasununguri havasi ivo vadzidzisi vakanakisisa, nokuti vanoziva zvishomanana, havana nguva yekuona nyika nekushanda nemaoko avo. Nekudzidzisa kwemashoko makuru, mauto ane ruzivo, vezvematongerwe enyika, vatengesi vapfumi vakakokwa. Vakanga vane chimwe chinhu chavaifanira kutaura uye vaigona kugovana ruzivo rwechokwadi rwakagadzirwa muhondo kana panguva yekufamba-iyi dzidzo yaikoshesa kupfuura zvidzidzo zvisingabatsiri zvakaverengwa nevaranda vanoverenga.
Chikoro cheRoma yekare chakaita sei?
Nyanzvi yekare yeRoma yakasiyana nedzimwe dzimba dzekudzidzisa dzemazuva ano dzine dzimba dzakasiyana nedzimwe nyika. Vakanga vari muzvivako zvezvitoro kana kunyange izwi (mabhati eRoma). Vadzidzisi vezvikoro vanoshanyira nzvimbo muzvivako zvepachivande, vachengetedza makirasi kubva prying meso nemucheka wakarukwa. Simba yeimba yemafuta yakanga isina zvishoma: mudzidzisi akanga agere pachigaro chehuni, uye vadzidzi vakanga vari pazvigaro zvakadzika, vachiisa zvinhu zvose zvakafanira kumakumbo pamabvi avo.
Pepa yakanga yakanyanya kudhura kuti ibvumirwe kune vetsvina vekusekondari chikoro. Vaya vana vakanga vasingazivi kuti vanyora sei, vaiyeuchidza zvidzidzo zvinonzwika, vamwe vose-vakanyora nemagetsi pamakanda akaiswa. Vakomana vakwegura, vadzidza tsamba iyo vasina kukanganisa, vakagamuchira mvumo yekunyora pamusoro pechinyorwa chakagadzirwa nemasora nepapyrus maererano nenzira dzevaIjipita vekare.
Ndezvipi zvidzidzo zvakadzidziswa muzvikoro?
Muumambo hweRoma, gwaro rekorosi rakatanga kusimbiswa - runyorwa rwemhosva rwekudzidzisa uye runyora rwemibvunzo iyo mudzidzi aifanira kudzidza asati apinda mukuru. Zvakanyorwa uye zvakapiwa kumarudzi akatevera nemasayendisiti Varro (116-27 BC): akatumidza mapfumbamwe nyaya dzinokosha-girama, aritemi, geometry, nyanzvi, nyeredzi, rhetoric, dialectics, mimhanzi, mishonga uye mapurani. Sezvatotaurwa pamusoro apa, vamwe vavo vaifungidzirwa se "vakadzi", saka mishonga nemimhanzi zvakabva zvisingabatanidzwi kubva pakurongwa. Kunyange pakutanga kwemireniyamu itsva, rumbidzo yakanakisisa yemukadzi wechidiki wechiRoma ndiyo "puella docta" - "chiremba chaiye". Zvidzidzo zvekuchikoro zvakanzi "uhu huripo", nokuti dzakagadzirirwa vana vevagari vakasununguka. Zvinofadza, ruzivo rweuranda rwakatumidzwa kuti "mechanical arts".
Ko kurovedzwa kwakaenda sei?
Apo vadzidzi vezvikoro zvemazuva ano vanonyunyuta pamusoro penguva yakawanda yakabatikana, vanoda kutaura pamusoro pekuti vana vekare reRoma vakadzidza sei. Vakanga vasina mazuva kubva: makirasi akaitwa mazuva manomwe pavhiki! Mazororo echikoro aingova mazororo echitendero chete, ayo ainzi "extravaganza". Kana paiva nokupisa kwezhizha mukati meguta, makirasiwo akarega zvakare asati awira uye iwe unogona zvakare kuitisa usina kukuvadza utano hwako.
Gore rechikoro rakatanga muna March, makirasi akatanga zuva rega rega mangwanani uye akapera nekutanga kwemaima. Kuchikoro, vana vakaverengwa pamitambisi, neminwe kana matombo, vachishandisa inki kubva mubhegi, sopu uye mukati me octopus fluid.
Ndekupi kwandaigona kuenda shure kwekuchikoro?
Vhivhesiti vakanga vasipo mune zvavanoona, asi vechidiki vanogona kupfuurira zvidzidzo zvavo shure kwechikoro chechikoro. Pashure pokunge apedza chikoro ichi pazera remakore 15-16, varume vaduku, vane mari yakakwana kubva kuvabereki vavo, vakapinda muchikamu chepamusoro chedzidzo - chikoro chekudzidzisa. Ikoko vakaziva ruzivo rwemitemo, mitemo yekuita hurukuro, economics, philosophy. Chido chekudzidzisa kwakadaro kwakasimbiswa nekuti vadzidzi vezvikoro zvekunyora zvinenge zvakavimbiswa kuti vave nhamba dzevanhu, uye kunyange vatungamiriri venyika.