Chimiro chekufa kwemazana emakore chinoramba chichiyemura tsika netsika. Vakawanda vevanhu vacho vakabva kare, uye pakati pavo - mwari wekare wechiGiriki Thanatos, uyo akaratidzwa semukomana ane mapapiro muhomba, ane chiedza chinodzimwa muruoko rwake. Akafananidza kupera kwehupenyu.
Chinonzi Thanatos chii?
Nenzira yakawanda, thanatos ndicho chido chekufa pane unyanzvi hwechimiro uye unhu hwake. Izwi rakabva kune zita reMwari wekare, zvakare anozivikanwa seFanatos, Tanat uye Fan, uyo machechi akange aripo kwemazana emakore muSparta. Kubva mururimi rwekare rwechiGiriki, zita rake rinoshandurwa se "rufu" (thanatos). Chifananidzo chacho chakanga chisati chiratidzwa mumhemberero chete, asiwo mune unyanzvi, hwepfungwa uye hwepfungwa. Izwi iri rine zvinyorwa zvakawanda.
Thanatos mufilosofi
Kubva pakuona kwefilosofi, thanatas inokwezva kuzviparadza, kuparara nekuparara. Pamwe pamwe neHupenyu, Eros, pfungwa yacho inokosha chikamu chekuve. Hazvina mhosva kuti munhu anotsanangura sei kuparara kwake uye haaimiriri mushure mokufa , anogara achifunga nezvekuwedzera kwenguva yeupenyu nekuvandudza. Mafirosofi anofungidzirwa pamusoro peshoko rekufa anogara kwezana remakore rimwe chete. Icho chinhu chisingaperi chekufunga kwevanhu. Kusimba kwakasimba panyaya yacho kwakaonekwa munguva dzinoverengeka dzenguva:
- munguva ye Freemasonry;
- mumazuva aFedorov naDostoevsky, apo paiva nekukurukurirana kwemweya;
- muna Silver Age (emigre publicism).
Mune ruzivo rweRussia, sangano rezvematongerwo enyika rinopindirana rinotarisa dambudziko iri. Kubva kuma1991, Sangano reTanatologists muSt. Petersburg rakabudisa iyo almanac "Zvifananidzo zveHanatos". Zvinetso zvebhuku racho ndezvizvi:
- zviratidzo zvekufa;
- mifananidzo muushizha;
- kuzviuraya;
- zvigadzirwa zvemitambo yenyika dzakawanda, nezvimwewo.
Thanatos in Psychology
Muzana remakore rechimakumi maviri, pfungwa dzefilosofi dzaSchopenhauer nedzidziso yezvinyorwa zve Weismann dzakabvumira kuumba mufananidzo wekufa uye mamwe masimba ayo. Mhinduro kumubvunzo weiyo inotos in psychology yakatsvakwa nevakakurumbira vepfungwa dzepfungwa: E. Weiss, P. Federn, M. Klein, Z. Freud, nevamwe .. Muongorori wepfungwa weAustria Wilheim Steeckel akabudisa pfungwa uye tsanangudzo yezwi. Kurwisana kwevanhu vapenyu uye vanofa, utsinye uye kuparadzwa ndekokukosha. Ndicho chikonzero chekuvapo kwevanhu uye pfungwa dzake. Izvi zviitiko zviviri zvinopesana zviri zviviri uye zvinotakura mazita evanamwari vechiGiriki mune zvepfungwa.
Eros uye Thanatos maererano naFranud
Imwe nyanzvi yekuzivikanwa kwepfungwa inonzi Sigmund Freud yakarongedza maitiro maviri, masimba - ehupenyu nerufu. Kuda kune wekutanga kunotsanangura Eros - chimiro chekuzvidzivirira uye zvepabonde. Thanatos maererano naFrud yakasimba uye inoshanda pamusana pe libido simba. Inogona kuva yemhando mbiri:
- Chinangwa chevanhu uye zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana, uye zvino zvine maitiro ezviito zvinoparadza, somuenzaniso, kuparadza, kusuruvara, nezvimwewo.
- Akanyatsofunga pamusoro pako. Unhu hwakadaro hunoratidzwa mu masochism uye kuzviedza kuzviuraya.
Mubasa rake "I and It" (1923), Freud akasimbisa kuti mumweya wepfungwa kune hondo yakasimba pakati pemotokari maviri. Thanatos naEros vanopesana, uye pakati pezvinhu zviviri izvi ndiyo "I" yemunhu. Eros mutongi wekugadzikana uye anoteerera mutemo wekunakidza. Uye "kufa" maitiro anowanzozorora nekukwevera munhu wacho.
Thanatos - Mythology
Mune nhema dzechiGiriki, vanhu vakaedza kupindura mibvunzo inonakidza, kuti vanzwisise kuva. Saka "muvengi" weEros aiva chigadzirwa cherima. Mwarikadzi weusiku, amai veHanatos, vakatumidza zita rokuti Nyukta ("usiku") munhu akafananidzira rima rinouya nekuvira kwezuva. Kubva kuna mwari we rima risingaperi, Erebus, Nyukta akabereka vanakomana nevanasikana. Pakati pavo paiva Mwari weRufu. Akafunga munyaya dzeHercules (pasi pezita reTanat) naSisyphus. Anotaurwa muTheogony's Theogony, muHomer's Iliad uye dzimwe nhoroondo dzekare. Mwari aive nechechi yake pachake muSparta, uye chiso chake chakatorwa kuti chiratidzwe pamakuva makuru.
Who is Thanatos?
Mune maitiro echiGiriki yekare, mwari Thanatos akaonekwa mumifananidzo yakasiyana, asi ose ari akanaka, achifunga kuti unhu hunoita. Sezvo mutemo, unomiririrwa se:
- jaya rine mapapiro mushure make;
- mumucheka mutsvuku;
- anobata mavoko ake chiedza chinopera uye nebakatwa.
Nzvimbo yekugara kwake - Tartarasi uye jaya iri riri pedyo nechigaro cheAida. Kune vanhu mutumwa wekuguma ndiwo panguva chaiyo iyo nguva yehupenyu, yakayerwa nemwarikadzi wemagumo inoguma. Nhume yeHadhesi inodzura bvudzi kubva kumusoro we "kuparadzwa" uye inoisa mweya wake munzvimbo yevakafa. VaGiriki vekare vaidavira kuti dzimwe nguva Tanat inopa mukana wechipiri muupenyu.
Thanatos uye Hypnos
Maererano nenyaya, Thanatos, mwari wekufa, aiva nehanzvadzi yeHypnos, uye mifananidzo yavo yakasiyana. Pane zvimwe zvinhu zvekugadzira nemhizha zvinogona kuonekwa sevhena nevatema. Maererano nenhau, Hypnos nguva dzose aifamba nerufu uye akatakura kurota pamapapiro ake. Kunyarara, kutsigira kwevanhu vose, hanzvadzi yaTanatos yakanga yakasiyana zvakasiyana naye. Kana Rufu ruchivenga vanhu vose uye vamwari, Hypnos yaibatwa nekoddi. Kunyanya iye aidiwa neMuses. Vakomana vaNyukta naErebus vakatakura mitemo yakasiyana yevanhu, asi kukosha kweumwe neumwe hakugoni kuvharwa.
Sigmund Freud akamboti: "Chinangwa chehupenyu hwose rufu." Maererano nekutongwa kwe-psychoanalyst guru, kukwezva kuparadzwa nokuparadzwa chinhu chinowanzoitika. Kana zvisina kudaro, kurwisana kwehondo nguva dzose kunotsanangurwa sei? Kuvonga Eros - hutano hwehupenyu, tsika uye huwandu hwehupenyu huripo. Vanhu vanotaurirana, mumwe mavo, mapoka emafomu: mhuri, mharaunda, nyika. Asi kuipa kune utsinye, utsinye uye kuparadzwa nokukurumidza kana kuti gare gare zvinonzwika pachako. Zvadaro imwe nyanzvi inowanikwa, Thanatos. Nekufa iwe haugoni kuseka, asi iwe haufaniri kukanganwa nezvazvo.