Masayendisiti uye mapoka ehurumende: zvematongerwo enyika, mishonga, filosofi, chitendero, pfungwa dzepfungwa, maitiro, mune zvavanoita, zvinopindura zvakasiyana nemubvunzo wekutsungirira chii. Pfungwa iyi yakatanga kushandiswa munzanga mune makore ekuma90. muzana remakore rapfuura, zvichikonzera kukakavadzana uye kukakavadzana pamusoro pezvinyorwa zvirimo.
Kushivirira - chii ichocho?
Munhu wacho haasi oga, asi mune dzimwe nzira vanhu vakafanana, saka - ivo vari kutsvaga zvakafanana ivo pachavo, zvido zvavo, chitendero. Kuva munhu anokosha kune mumwe munhu, achifunga nezvekuti vanhu ndezvisikwa zvevanhu. Vanhu vakasiyana vane pfungwa dzakasiyana, uye kuti mune imwe nyika inogamuchirwa - mune imwe inogona kukonzera rusununguko rwevanhu vose. Chii chinoreva kushivirira kunoreva mupfungwa huru?
Muna 1995, nyika dzinenge mazana maviri dzakasaina Chiziviso cheMitemo yekushivirira, iyo inotaura kuti kushivirira kuvhiringidza kune zvimwe zvitendero, tsika, tsika, zvakasiyana mukusiyana kwavo uye pachavo. Kugamuchira kubvumirana uku kuri muzvinhu zvose izvi, kunobvumira vanhu kuti varemekedzane, kurarama murugare.
Chii chinonzi kushivirira kunoreva kune dzimwe nzvimbo:
- mune remishonga (pharmacology, narcology): kugadziriswa kwechirwere ichi kune chinhu chinotarirwa kuti chiyero chikuru chinodiwa kuitira kuti zvive nemigumisiro yakafanana;
- mumimhanzi: kuremekedza mafungiro akasiyana-siyana nemitambo yemimhanzi;
- mune zvezvisikwa: kukwanisa kwezvisikwa zvipenyu kuti zvikure mune zvakasikwa, kunyange nezvinhu zvisina kunaka.
Kushivirira muPsychology
Iyi pfungwa mupfungwa dzinoita nzvimbo inokosha. Kugamuchira vanhu, nemafambiro avo, pasina kutsoropodza uye kutongwa, kunokubvumira kuvaka chivimbo neavo vatengi uye inhengo ye psychotherapy. Nzira yepfungwa yekushivirira inobata zvose zvesayenzi nemitemo, uye zuva rega rega:
- Maitiro (maitiro) - chaizvoizvo, ane nguva yakanonoka kushungurudzwa. Kushivirira kwe "kunze kwekunze" chete pamwero wepamusoro: munhu anobvumirana nezviri kuitika, asi mukati, anonyatsodzivirira, "mamota."
- Zvisikwa (zvakasikwa) - zvinowanzoitirwa vana vaduku uye zvinoratidzwa mukugamuchirwa kwavo kusingabvumirwi kwevabereki vasina kuongorora, zvinosuruvarisa, zvinoitika kune zvinokuvadza ivo pachavo kana vabereki vavo vane chisimba.
- Tsika (yechokwadi) -inobva pakuzara uye kubvuma kwechokwadi. Izvi ndezvokukura uye kuvhiringidza kwakanaka kwe "mukati." Mafungiro emweya kune zviratidzo zvose zvehupenyu nevanhu uye nguva dzose kuzviziva. Pamusoro pemitemo mifananidzo yose yakachenjera yakabva.
Nyanzvi yezvepfungwa inofanira kukudziridza kushivirira uku, iyo nzira huru iyo ndeiyi:
- kutendeuka mupfungwa (tsitsi);
- kukwanisa kuratidza, mukati mharidzo;
- kukwanisa kusimbisa hukama hwakanaka, hwakanaka nevanhu.
Kushivirira - zvinowedzera uye zvinotyisa
Iko pfungwa yeiyi pfungwa inonyanya, yakanaka kune zvinangwa zvevanhu, ndeyechokwadi? Runyararo uye kubudirira pasi pano zvinogoneka pasina kushivirira kune dzimwe nyika here? Pfungwa yekuregerera inogona kududzirwa uye inoshandiswa nevanhu nenzira dzakasiyana, pasina kufunga nezvekubvuma uye kugadziriswa pfungwa. Mheta ine mazhe maviri.
Zviito zvekushivirira:
- kunobatsira kuva munhu;
- anodzidza kukurira kutya kuburikidza nekukurukurirana kunobudirira nevamwe vanhu vasingaverengi;
- inovaka kunzwisisa kwakakwana kwekutaura kwakasiyana -siyana kwevanhu vane tsika, unhu, maonero uye mararamiro;
- rinokurudzira hupenyu hwevanhu uye hutano kuburikidza nokuwedzerwa kwechiitiko uye ruzivo, kuburikidza nokukurukurirana pakati pevanhu nemarudzi pamwe chete.
Mwoyo wokutsungirira:
- pasi pechirevo chekushivirira kwekunyengera kwevanhu, kuziva nezvakanaka;
- mutsetse wakanaka pakati pekutsungirira kwechokwadi nekutsungirira kwechisungo, kune zvinokuvadza munhu;
- kushandiswa kwemaonero echokwadi uye maitiro neanhema, kuburikidza nehutano hwemagariro evanhu;
- kushivirira kunonzwisiswa nevamwe sekusava nehanya, kusada kuona uye kurwisana.
Ko kushivirira kwakasiyana sei nekushivirira?
Mukushandura kubva muchiLatini yekare, kushivirira kwakadini chaizvoizvo: "tolerantia" zvinoreva "kushivirira", "kurega", "bere". Iyo tsanangudzo duramazwi inotsanangura izwi rokuti "kushivirira" rinobva kuFrance "risingatenderi" - "kushivirira". MuchiRussia, kusiyana nemimwe mitauro yemamwe marudzi, "kushivirira" ishoko rine chirevo chakajeka, chinoreva kutsungirira chakaipa, kutsungirira matambudziko. Kunyange zvakadaro, kushivirira uye kutsungirira kune pfungwa dzakasiyana.
Kushivirira ndiko kurambwa kwevanhu kuti vaone pachena ruvengo, ruvengo. Munhu ari mukati penguva imwechete, anogona kuve nemanzwiro akaipa ane simba nekupikisa. Inoumbwa munguva pfupi uye inogona kuiswa kuburikidza nemitambo (semuenzaniso, kugadzirisa kukakavadzana pakati pevanhu vakasiyana). Kushivirira ndechimwe chinhu chinotarisana nevanhu chinoumbwa pamusoro penguva yakakura uye inotora kuti munhu haana ruvengo, haafariri vamwe vanhu zvakasiyana naye pazvikonzero zvakasiyana. Munharaunda iyo izere nemitemo yakasiyana-siyana nemarudzi - ichi chinhu chinokosha.
Kushivirira uye xenophobia
Izwi rokuti "xenophobia", pamwe chete ne "kushivirira" kazhinji kunonzwika mune zvenhau uye kubva mururimi rwechiGiriki rinoshandurwa se "kutya vatorwa". Kufunga kwekuita xenophobia kunoratidzika nekuparadzanisa zvakajeka kuva "wega" uye "mumwe". Kusununguka kusati kwamboitika kune vanoenda kune dzimwe nyika kunorwadza uye kunorwadza kunzwisiswa nevanhu vemunharaunda: vatorwa vasvika vanoita zvakasiyana, havadi nguva dzose kudzidza mutauro mutsva, usatsvake kuziva tsika netsika dzenyika yavakatamira. Kushivirira munyika yemazuva ano, chaizvoizvo, zvinoreva kusavapo kwekushaya xenophobia, rugare pamwe chete nekuvandudzika kwevanhu vakasiyana.
Mitemo yekushivirira
Chikonzero chekuregererwa ndiyo tsika dzinokosha dzevanhu, pasina izvo vanhu vasingakwanisi kuvapo. Masayendisiti ezvimwe zvizhinji anobatanidzwa mukugadzirisa kwekushivirira. Munyika inogara ichichinja-inobatsira uye "yakaoma" nyaya dzine chokuita nechitendero, maonero kune vanhu vane hurema, interethnic, zvepabonde uye zvematongerwe enyika. Kufunga, kushivirira chii-imwe neimwe shanduro yakashandura inoratidza hutsika kwayo. Mhando huru dzekuregerera dzinonyatsoratidza zvakazara MS Matskovskii:
- chitendero;
- chikadzi;
- physiological;
- dzidzo;
- zvepabonde;
- geographical;
- age-related;
- marginal;
- interclass;
- interethnic;
- racial;
- zvematongerwo enyika.
Kutenda Kwechitendero
Icho chitendero chemarudzi evanhu ane chechi chechi sacral chinochisiyanisa kubva kune dzimwe zvitendero. Mumazana emakore apfuura, vachifunga nezvechitendero chavo seicho choga chechokwadi - vatongi venyika dzakasiyana-siyana vakapinda mumakwikwi emasoja nechinangwa chokushandura vahedheni mukutenda kwavo. Chii chinonzi kushivirira kwechitendero muzuva redu? Munhu ane kodzero yechitendero chero chipi zvacho chinogamuchirwa muhurumende yake, kunyange kana isiri yechitendero chikuru. Kutsungirira kune imwe kutenda kutenda kwekubatana pakati pevanhu.
Kushivirira kuvanhu vakaremara
Tsitsi netsitsi kune zvisikwa zvose zvipenyu zvakakosha zvinoitwa nemunhu, zvakagadziridzwa muhucheche nemubereki akanaka. Kuratidzwa kwekushivirira kune vanhu vane hurema kunobatsira zvikuru pakugadzirisa uye kuwirirana kwevanhu vakaremara senhengo yakakwana yevanhu. Dzidzo yekubatanidza, kusika mabasa kune zvakakosha zvekushivirira.
Ethnic tolerance
Kuva wevanhu vekwake, maitiro ane kuonekwa kwemazana emazana ezvakaitika, tsika, tsika dzakasiyana-siyana. Chii chiri kushivirira muukama hweperethnic? Iyi inoremekedzwa kune nzira yehupenyu hwevamwe vanhu. Dambudziko rekushivirira mune dzimwe nyika dzakasiyana-siyana ndeyekukosha kwenyika yose. Izvo zvakasara - kusagadzikana (kusawirirana) kuri kuwedzera kuva nguva yekukurudzira kuvengana kwemadzinza.
Gender Kushivirira
Pasinei nehutano - vanhu vakakodzera kuremekedzwa uye kodzero dzakakodzana - iyi ndiyo mhinduro kumubvunzo, chii chinonzi kushivirira kwevakadzi. Kutsungirira munharaunda mune zvepabonde chinhu chisina kugadzikana. Kusvika iye zvino, kusaona kwepabonde kuri kuchinja, uye ichi ndicho chikonzero chekusateerera kwakashata munharaunda uye nekuvandudzwa kwemafibias. Kusagadzikana kune zvimwe zvekuita zvepabonde ndiko kusarura munhu.
Zvematongerwe Enyika
Kushivirira mune zvematongerwo enyika ndiko kugadzirira kwehurumende kwekukurukurirana kwakanaka kune dzimwe nyika. Mukuzara, inogona kumira mumamiriro ehurumende nehurumende yezvematongerwe enyika uye inoratidzirwa mukugadzirisa kukakavadzana kweperethnic, kuchengetedzwa kwekodzero dzevanhu, kuremekedza mafungiro kune zvimwe zvematongerwe enyika izvo zvinopesana nemutemo. Kushushikana kwezvematongerwe enyika ndeyepasi rose iyo rugare pasi pano hunoenderana.
Zvematongerwo enyika kukodzera uye kushivirira kunyoresa pfungwa mumazuva ano. Nhoroondo yehutano hwezvematongerwe enyika yakasimuka muUnited States apo veAfrica yeAmerica vakakumbira kurega kubva muChirungu shoko risina kunaka rokuti "rima" rinoshandiswa kurudzi rwavo. Kutonga kwezvematongerwo enyika kunosanganisira kurambidzwa kwekutaura kunonyadzisa kune rumwe rudzi, kurara, zvepabonde, nezvimwewo. Munyika dzakawanda, dzakadai seUnited States, kutonga kwezvematongerwo enyika kuri kuwedzera uye kunowedzera zvikamu zvose zvevanhu.