Kushandisa izwi iri kwave kuchangobva kuitika, uye chiitiko chacho pachacho chave chichinyatsoonekwa munguva dzose dzezvakaitika kare. Nezvake akataura Plato, Aristotle naDemocritus, uye G. Hegel akazarura mafungiro evanhu. Muzana remakore rechi20, pfungwa yake yehutano yakagadzirwa, uye kusvika nhasi masayendisiti kubva kunyika dzakasiyana siyana ari kutsvaga chinangwa chake, mabasa uye mabasa.
Chii chinoratidzwa nevanhu?
Hakuchina tsanangudzo chaiyo yeyi pfungwa. Nenzira yakawanda, vanogona kutumidzwa segadziriro yemitongo inogadziridzwa uye yakagoverwa nevanhu vakawanda. Izvo zvinoshamisa zvemaonero evanhu zvakaratidzwa nevanhu vepakutanga uye vakabatsira kutonga hupenyu hwemadzinza. Hurukuro pamusoro pekududzirwa kweiyi pfungwa inoenderera mberi, asi gore roga roga rinoramba richiwedzera "kudzvinyirira", kuratidzira nzira dzinoitika munharaunda. Yakava kuratidzwa kwezvematongerwe enyika uye nzira yekuita zvematongerwe enyika.
Maonero evanhu munzanga
Uyu mubvunzo wekuziva kwevanhu, izvo zvinoratidza kana kuti zvinoratidza pachena mafungiro ayo kune zviitiko, zviitiko uye chokwadi chehupenyu hwevanhu vose, kuratidzira chinzvimbo cheboka rose pamusoro pezvinhu zvinofadza kune vose. Maonero evanhu semagariro evanhu ane huwandu hwemabasa:
- Kudzora kwevanhu . Maonero evanhu vanogona kupa kana kuderedza kushandiswa kwehurumende zvisarudzo.
- Expressive . Nokuratidza imwe nzvimbo, maonero evanhu vanogona kutarisa vakuru vehurumende uye kuongorora mabasa avo.
- Advisory . Somugumisiro wekuongororwa kwevanhu, zvinokwanisika kugadzirisa ichi kana chinetso ichocho, kumanikidza vamiririri vevanhu vezvematongerwo enyika kuti vatore chisarudzo chakanyanyisa.
- Directive . Tsanangudzo yezvido zvevanhu mune mufambiro we referenda.
Maonero evanhu mune zvepfungwa
Mafungiro evanhu semapepa epa litmus anoratidza chokwadi uye anozviongorora. Ichi chikamu chemweya hwehupenyu hwemweya hwevanhu, nokuti mukuratidza maonero avo, vanobvumirana kana kupa mhosva chimwe chinhu kana mumwe munhu. Kuumbwa kwemafungiro evanhu kunotungamirira kukurudzirwa kwekuongorora kumwe chete uye maitiro akafanana mumamiriro ezvinhu aya. Sangano rinoumbwa nemapoka akasiyana-siyana uye zvivakwa. Mumhuri, kubudiswa pamwe chete, masangano emitambo, maonero emukati anoumbwa, izvo zvinowanzoonekwa nevanhu.
Izvo zvakaoma kwazvo kumusangana naye, nokuti chero munhu upi zvake anova asingagoni kuzvidzivirira, akapoteredzwa nekutambudzwa kwekutonga. Sezvakaratidzwa zvinoratidzira, 10% yevanhu vane pfungwa dzakakwana zvakakwana kuti vamwe vose vabatane navo. Maonero evanhu vose anoita basa guru muupenyu hwevanhu: rinopa ruzivo pamusoro pepasi rakapoteredza, rinobatsira kuenderana nemamiriro ezvinhu evanhu uye rinosanganisa ruzivo rwekufamba.
Maonero evanhu uye kuwanda kwevanhu
Iyi sangano rehutano inovandudza mararamiro ekubata, kutungamirira zviito zvevanhu nenzira inowanzoitika. Kazhinji, munhu ane maonero ake, anozvipa kwavari nekuda kwemafungiro evanhu vakawanda. Kuwirirana kwemashoko akadaro sehutsika hwevanhu uye maonero evanhu zvakarondedzerwa na E. Noel-Neumann, paakawana izvo zvinonzi "kumira kwekunyarara". Maererano neiyi pfungwa, vanhu vane chinzvimbo chinopesana nemafungiro evanhu vano "kunyarara." Havatauri maonero avo, vachitya kugara muvashoma.
Izvi zvakasikwa pasi rose zviripo mune zvose zvoupenyu hwomunhu - hupfumi, zvemweya, zvematongerwe enyika. Icho chinonyanya kushandiswa pane chinzvimbo chemagariro evanhu, nokuti inoronga maitiro ezvidzidzo munharaunda kuburikidza nehutsika hwemashoko asina kurongwa. Kuenzanisa maonero evanhu, mapurisa ose, mapeji, mibvunzo, etc. anoshandiswa panguva ino iyo inogona kushandiswa yevanhu vanoita zvematongerwo enyika.
Maonero evanhu akaumbwa sei?
Dzidzo yake inowanikwa pasi pekutungamirirwa kwezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana - makuhwa uye makuhwa, maonero, zvitendero, kutonga, mafungiro asina kururama. Panguva imwecheteyo, zvakakosha kuti nyaya yehurukuro inofanira kuenderana nehuwandu hwevanhu uye inopa tsanangudzo yakawanda uye kuenzanisa kwakasiyana-siyana. Vaya vanoda kuziva kuti mafungiro evanhu vakasikwa vanofanira kupindura sei kuti zvakakosha kuti vave nehutano hunokosha hwekukurukura dambudziko racho. Zvakakosha kuziva simba reInternet pane mafungiro evanhu, nyika, vhidhiyo, uye hupenyu hwevanhu.
Nzira dzekushandisa maonero evanhu
Nzira dzakadaro dzakagadzirirwa kudzvinyirira kuda kwevagari vemo uye kutungamirira mafungiro avo nekukurudzira munzira yakarurama. Kushandiswa kwemaonero evanhu kunopa:
- Mazano.
- Tumira kune huwandu hwese hweimwe nyaya.
- Rumor, conjecture, ruzivo rusingazivikanwi.
- Kushandiswa kweimwe nzira inonzi "zvitunha" inodiwa. Iyi i zombie emotion kushandisa musoro wepabonde, chisimba, kuponda, nezvimwe.
- Kushandiswa kwemaonero evanhu kunopa kusarudzwa kwezvakaipa zviviri.
- Kunyarara kweumwe ruzivo uye propaganda yeumwe.
- Kuparadzana - kupatsanurwa kwemashoko muzvikamu zvakasiyana.
- Nzira ye "Goebbels", iyo iyo nhema inopiwa nokuda kwechokwadi, nguva dzose ichidzokorora.
- Mystification.
- Astroturfing. Maitiro ekugadzirisa mafungiro evanhu pamwe nekubatsirwa nevanhu vakashanda.
Basa rekuparadzira mukuumba mafungiro evanhu
Zvematongerwe enyika hazvigoneki pasina propaganda, nokuti inoumba hutongerwo hwezvematongerwe enyika uye inotungamirira zviito zvevanhu, inovandudza mupfungwa dzavo mitemo inodikanwa. Nzira yekuumba mafungiro evanhu inotarisirwa kubatanidza zvidzidzo zvezvematongerwo enyika uye zvezuva nezuva nekubatanidza maonero anodiwa nezvematongerwo enyika. Somugumisiro, munhu anoita sarudzo yake zvisikwa, "pamushini." Izvozvo zvinoshandiswa sezvakaipa kana zvinopesana nemitemo yezvetsika nemitemo, zvinokonzera kushushikana kwepfungwa, kunokanganisa mapoka evanhu.
Kufurirwa kwezvinobudisa nhau pamagariro evanhu
Nzira yakakosha yekukurudzira vhidhiyo pamusoro pevanhu ndeyekusimudzira. Iko kunosanganisira kusikwa kwezvinyengeri zvisinganzwisisiki - mafungiro, zvinyorwa, maitiro ekuzvibata, izvo zvakagadzirirwa kuita kuti zviitike zvakanaka nenzira yekutya , kunzwira tsitsi, rudo, ruvengo, nezvimwewo. Nhau nevhidhiyo nemafungiro evanhu zvakabatana zvakanyanya, nokuti izvo zvekare zvinogona kuumba mufananidzo wenhema wenyika uchishandisa mikana yekushandisa uye kudzidzisa vanhu zvisingadi kuti vatange kutenda pane zvose zvavanotaura pamusoro peterevhizheni, redhiyo, nezvimwewo. Nhema idzi dzinobva pane zvisinganzwisisiki , uye pavari chero chinangwa chiripo.
Kuita kwemaonero evanhu pamusoro pevanhu
Maonero evanhu anounza "tsika dzakachena" nhengo dzaro. Maonero evanhu uye runyerekupe maitiro uye anoita tsika dzakanaka dzehukama. Munhu anodzidza kuva ane hanya nemashoko ake nezviito pamberi pevanhu. Kubvunza kuti maonero evanhu anoshanda sei kune munhu zvakadaro, zvakakosha kuziva kuti inodzidzisa nekudzoka zvakare, inoita tsika netsika, tsika, tsika. Asi panguva imwechete inobata vanhu uye zvisina kunaka, "kuvamanikidza", vachivamanikidza kuti vararame neziso kune izvo vanhu vachati.
Kutya maonero evanhu
Munhu wose anotya maonero evanhu, kutya kutya kutsoropodza, izvo zvinopesana neanoita, zvinoderedza chishuwo chekupfuurira mberi, kukura uye kukura. Kutya maonero evanhu zvakaoma zvikuru kudzivisa, nokuti munhu haagoni kurarama kunze kwevanhu. Somugumisiro wekushaiwa kwepfungwa, kurota uye zvinangwa, hupenyu hunova hupfumi uye hunyoro, uye kune vamwe vanhu, migumisiro inogona kuuraya, kunyanya kana vabereki vachicherechedza maonero evanhu ndokurera mwana nemweya mumwe chete. Kutya kutsoropodza kunoita kuti munhu ave asina zivo, asina simba, ane hanya uye asina kukwana.
Kuvimba nemafungiro evanhu
Vanhu zvachose vakasununguka kubva kune maonero evamwe havaiti. Unhu hwekuzviwanira hahuna hutambudziki kwaari, asi vanhu vane zvakawanda zvezvinetso uye vanozvidzivirira vanotambura kupfuura vamwe. Vaya vanofarira kuti ndiani anonyanya kutarisana nemafungiro evanhu vanogona kupindura kuti ivo vanozvininipisa, vasina simba-vanoda, vanozvigadzirisa pachavo. Kazhinji, semwana, vabereki havana kuvarumbidza zvachose, asi vaigara vachinyadziswa uye vakazvidza kukudzwa kwavo. Kutya maonero evanhu vakawanda kune chokwadi, zvinangwa, basa, rudo.
Ungamira sei zvichienderana nemafungiro evanhu?
Hazvisi nyore, asi zvose zvinoitika kana pane chido. Avo vanofarira nzira yekubvisa maonero evanhu, iwe unongoda kunzwisisa kuti munhu wese akasiyana uye haataridzi seumwe munhu. Uye zvakadaro vanhu vakawanda vanofungisisa kufarira kune munhu wavo. Ichokwadi, vanhu havawanzochechera mumwe munhu. Hapana munhu anoda kutarisa upenzi, utsinye, benzi kana kusabatsiri mumaziso evamwe, asi uyo asingaiti chinhu haaiti zvikanganiso.
Ruzhinji ruchawana, nokuti chii chinoshora munhu chero upi zvake, asi kana iwe ukadzorera kutsoropodza kune zvakanaka, unogona kuva wakasununguka. Kugunun'una kunobatsira kukura kwako , kunopa mukana wekuvandudza iwe pachako. Rinodzidzisa kuteerera nekuteerera, kukanganwira, kubvisa zvakaipa zvisiri izvo. Munhu mumwe nomumwe haana kukwana uye ane kodzero yekuita kukanganisa, anongoda kuzvipa mukana wekukanganisa, asi kwete kuzvipa mhosva iye, asi kushandisa ruzivo rwakawana kuti afambire mberi chinangwa chake.