Eugenics - dzidziso yekuvandudza hutano hwevanhu, rudzi rwekusarudzwa kunokubvumira kuti uchengetedze gemu. Yakanga yakakurumbira mumazana ekutanga kwezana remakore rechi20, izvi zvakagadziriswa zvakashandiswa neNazi yeHitler yeGermany, iyo yakaparadzanisa vanhu kubva kwavari. Asi pakutanga kwemireniyamu itsva, masayendisiti zvakare akatsigira kubatsirwa kweyi dzidziso ye sayenzi.
Eugenics - chii ichi?
Nheyo dzepamusoro dze eugenics dzakatanga kuzivikanwa mukupera kwemakore ekuma1900 nechepanhau reChirungu Francis Galton. Muzana remakore rechi20, dzimwe hurumende dzakatotorawo dzidziso iyi yekushanda kwekushandisa, asi mitemo yehutsika uye kusava nekushanda kwepamusoro pakuita kwakava chipingamupinyi. Eugenics isayenzi inogadzirisa mitemo yekuzvidzivirira, masayendisiti anosiyanisa maitiro mazhinji:
- Biomedical . Kupindira mumararamiro kunokonzera kupona uye utano hwevanhu.
- Kusarura . Kuparadzwa kwevanhu vakasarudzwa mapoka.
- Kudzvinyirira . Kubviswa kwevanhu kwakagadziriswa pfungwa.
Kukosha kwaro kwakachengetedzwa kwemazuva ano eomenical biugedics, iyo inobvumira:
- kudzivisa kuberekwa nevana vane utera;
- kutsvaga vakaroorana vaduku nekuda kwekusava nemuviri;
- Ita bhengi re sperm nemazai evanhu vanozivikanwa.
Evgenika - "nokuda" uye "kurwisana"
Chii chinonzi eugenics kudzidza? Iyi sayenzi inotsvaga kuratidzwa kwezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana kana mazamu mune imwe nzvimbo yevanhu. Tsvakurudzo dzakaratidza kuti hutachiona hunochinja kana:
- mutations;
- chisarudzo chechisiki kana kusarudzira;
- kusanganisa kusanganisa kwemajini mukati memudzimai;
- migration.
Eugenics haina kungobatsira chete, asiwo kudzidzisa kwakaipisisa. Zvakaitika zvakaratidza kuti pfungwa yekusika rudzi rukuru rwevanhu yakwezva vasayendisiti vakawanda nemakato kubva kunyika dzakasiyana. Asi kufadza uku kwaiva chibereko chekuparadza uye chisimba. Vatsvakurudzi vari kuedza kuparadzanisa nzvimbo:
- Chinhu chakanaka . Gore roga roga, chibereko chinowedzera munharaunda, inogona kubatsirwa ne eugenics: kubvisa pamuviri, kubvisa maitiro emakakatani.
- Chinhu chisina kunaka . Kusvikira ikozvino, hapana dudziro yekuti sei uye nei zvikanganiso zvakagara nhaka kubva kune iyo sangano ragara richida kuzvirambidza.
Positive uye negative eugenics
Izvo zvataurwa pamusoro pezvibatsiro uye njodzi dzekushandiswa kwezviitiko izvi izvi zvakagadzira zviratidzo zvakadaro zve eugenics:
- Zvakanaka. Kuvandudza rudzi rwevanhu kuburikidza nekusvika pakurongeka kwevamiririri vepamusoro.
- Negative. Kubviswa kubva kumagadzirirwo emagetsi evanhu vanotakura zvikanganiso zvenhaka.
Eugenics dzakaipa dzakawana mukurumbira mukurumbira, vatongi veUnited States ndivo vakatanga kukunda nekuderedza kwevanhu kuburikidza nechisimba pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi20. MuHotalia, pakanga paine mutemo wekumanikidzwa kushandiswa kwevakasviba, vanorwara mupfungwa uye vakaoma mhirizhonga, gare gare ainzi "Indian." Kwemakore makumi maviri nemakumi mana (26) yakashandiswa mune makumi mana nyika, asi pasina yakakosha.
Positive eugenics
Positive eugenics inokurudzira kuberekwa kwevana nemararamiro akanaka, asi haina kugamuchira purogiramu yakasiyana yekufambisa, sezvo isina kumbogadzirwa:
- tsanangudzo yakajeka yekuti zviratidzo zvinodikanwa uye izvo zvisiri;
- nzira dzinoshanda;
- ruzivo rwemashoko emhando dzakanaka.
Nokudaro, zviyero zve eugenic zvichiri kungogumira chete kuedza kudzivirira kutengesa kwehutachiwana hwakanyanya hutano. Nhoroondo ine mienzaniso miviri yekushanda kunobudirira:
- Chirongwa chekudzivirira thalassemia, iyo inonziwo chirwere chechiremba, muSardinia.
- Kusvibiswa kwemichato muIsrael, izvi zvinoitwa nesangano rinokosha. Izvi zvakave zvakadikanwa nekuratidzwa kwakajeka mumhuri dzei gene Thea-Saks, inherent chete kuvaJudha. Icho chinokonzera kuberekwa kwevana vanorwara zvakakomba, kana vaviri vakaroorana vanozivikanwa neine jeni, vanoodzwa kubva mumuchato.
Negative eugenics
Negative eugenics inonzwisiswa mberi, nokuti zvisingadiwi zviratidzo zviri nyore kunzwisisa. Mazita avo ari nani anodzidza neasayendisiti, izvo zvinobatsira kudzivisa zviratidzo zvakadaro. Asi izvi zvinotungamira zvakasvibiswa pachavo nekuratidzwa kwechisimba mukuita:
- kuparadzwa kwezvinhu zvisina kufanira zvevanhu munzanga muNazi Germany;
- mutemo pamusoro pekurera mbeu;
- kudzivisa zvakasimba mhuri.
Chinangwa chezvi nzira idzi ndechokubvisa mazamu asina kudiwa, asi kuiswa kwakatungamirira kuzviuru zvematambudziko. Kusvikira ikozvino, hapana dare rakajeka, kana nzira dzakadaro dzakabatsira kubvisa "marara marara" munhangemutange yeAryans pakutanga kwezana remakore rapfuura. Asi kuderera kwemazana ekuberekwa kwevana vane chirwere chekufa muSweden, apo muzana remakore rechi18 mutemo pamusoro pechirevo pamusoro pechato chevanhu vane chirwere ichi chakaonekwa, vakatsvakurudza vakanyora.
Racism uye eugenics
Vanhu vanowanzotarisa rusarura uye eugenics dzidziso dzakadaro, asi izvi hazvisi izvo. Eugenics, seSayenzi, inovandudza nzira dzekuvandudza unhu hwehupenyu hwevanhu uye dzinodzivisa kukanganiswa kwemajini. Uye mune hwaro hwechisarura - zvinopomerwa zvekuparadzana kwemamwe madzinza, chete pamusana peimwe ruvara rweganda, ruvara rwebvudzi kana maziso, ari kune imwe nyika. Utano, unyanzvi , unogona - chii chinokosheswa pakusarudzwa kwe eugenics, rusarura rusingateereri.
Zvinetso zvemitemo zve eugenics
Dambudziko re eugenics rinonzi hutsika, nokuti kuchengetedza hupenyu hwevana vane mararamiro uye kuora simba mumuviri kunoshungurudza kunokanganisa gadzi. Pane kukakavadzana: maitiro ehupenyu hwevanhu anochengetedza hupenyu hupi, uye panguva imwechete inoita kuti vanhu vashayiwe. Mamwe masayendisiti anotenda kuti kana mazita ekudzivirira mazita anobatsira kuponesa vanhu kubva pakuora uye zvirwere, nzira dzose dzakarurama. Vazhinji vatsvakurudzi havatsigiri pfungwa dzakadaro dze eugenics, vachifunga kuti zvakakosha kuti kubudirire, uye kwete kuparadza.
Eugenics - inofadza chokwadi
Eugenics munyika yanhasi yakawana kushandiswa kwema genetic engineering - kukura kwe nzira dzokuderedza zvirwere zvekuberekwa . Nekubatsirwa kwemasimboti ekutanga emabasa aya, zvinotevera zvirikudziridzwa:
- mukurapa kwejini;
- kururamiswa kweiii genome;
- kubereka cloning.
Sangano rakakosha rakagadzira sayenzi iyo yainzi "itsva eugenics". Mukuda kwekushandiswa kwakarurama kwemashoko ekutanga ndeyechokwadi chinonakidza. Kusvikira pakati pemakumi matanhatu nemazana emakore ekupedzisira, Singapore yakanga iri imwe yenyika dzakashata munyika yechitatu, asi mushure memazana makumi emakore yakava simba rine simba. Zvose izvi - nekuda kwehutano hwehutano, masangano anokosha akasika michato yakaenzana nehutano hwehuchenjeri, nevechidiki vakashanda vakanaka zvikuru vepfungwa nevechiremba.
Vana vakaberekwa kubva kune vakaroorana vane zvipo vaiva nekodzero yekusunungura dzidzo, vakaita basa rakanakisisa. Muti wakanaka wakava mazano akadaro, akweretwa mu eugenics:
- Vakadzi vasina dzidzo yepamusoro vakabhadhara mukana wekuzvarwa kwomwana wechipiri;
- vasingagoni kuverenga nokunyatsodzidzisa vakarovedzwa vakapa kupera simba, mupiro waiva imba itsva;
- murume nemudzimai akadzidziswa uye ane hutano vaifanira kubereka vana vanenge vatatu, avo vaive neropafadzo kubva munyika.
Eugenics - mabhuku
Idzidziso dze eugenics dzakakwezva vatsvakurudzi vakawanda vanobva kunyika dzakasiyana. Inonyanyozivikanwa nhasi:
- "Russian eugenics" Vladimir Avdeev. Munyori anotaura nzvimbo dzose dziripo dzekudzidzisa uku, kuitira kuti muverengi awane mafungiro ake pamusoro peeugenics muRussia.
- "Transaevolution. Nguva yekuparadzwa kwevanhu " Daniel Estulin. Bhuku racho rakazvipira kune zvakavanzika cryptopolitics yevatungamiri venyika dzakawanda.
- "Kushanduka kwemazuva ano kwevanhu. Eugenics yezana remakore rechi20 " naJohn Glad. Zvinhu zvakakosha zvekutenderera kwe eugenic, basa rayo mukusikwa kwevanhu vanotevera chizvarwa, zvinorondedzerwa.