Chido chekuwana ruzivo chagara chichionekwa seimwe yenhu hunokosha hunodiwa pakuvandudzika kwomumwe munhu . Nokudaro, nheyo dzepistemology - hutungamiri hwefilosofi dzakabatanidzwa mukugadzirisa kwekucherechedza - dzakagadzirirwa kare kare. Nokudaro, chaiyo chaiyo inonzi inonetsa.
Chii chinonzi gnoseology?
Kuti uwane pfungwa yakajeka yechikamu ichi, munhu anogona kunzwisisa chikamu chezwi racho pacharo. Inoumbwa kubva kumagariro maviri echiGiriki: gnoseo - "zivo" uye logos - "shoko, kutaura." Icho chinotarisa kuti epistemology ndiyo sayenzi yekucherechedza, kureva kuti, inofarira nenzira iyo munhu anogamuchira ruzivo, nzira kubva pakusaziva kuti ajekeswe, izvo zvinobva kune zivo yakachena uye mukushanda kune nguva dzakadzidzwa.
Epistemology in Philosophy
Pakutanga, chidzidzo chekuwana dhiyabhorosi sechiitiko chaive chikamu chekutsvakurudza kwefilosofi, uye gare gare kuva chikamu chakasiyana. Gnoseology mufilosoti dhipatimendi rinodzidza miganhu yekuti munhu awane cognition. Ive ichive ichienda nebazi guru kubvira pakatanga. Pangokunge vanhu vawana rudzi rutsva rwebasa remuMweya, kwakanga kusina chokwadi pamusoro pechipupuriro chechokwadi chezivo yakagamuchirwa, musiyano wezvinyorwa zvepamusoro uye zvinoreva zvakadzama zvakatanga.
Dzidziso yepistemology haina kuumbwa pakarepo, zvinoita kuti tinyatsorondedzera zvinyorwa zvayo zvakajeka mufilosofi yekare. Zvadaro pakaonekwa mafomu nemhando dzekucherechedza, kuongororwa kweuchapupu hwezivo kwakaitwa uye mibvunzo yekuwana ruzivo rwechokwadi, iyo yakava kutanga kwekusava nechokwadi - imwe nzira yakasiyana yekuranga, yaifungwa. MuMiddle Ages, maererano nekutora maonero echitendero ne worldview, epistemology yakatanga kupikisa masimba epfungwa kuzarurirwa zvakazarurwa. Nemhaka yekuoma kwebasa panguva iyi, chirango chakafambira mberi zvikuru.
Pakavakirwa nheyo muNyika itsva, pane kuonekwa kunoonekwa mufilosofi, iyo inowedzera dambudziko rekucherechedza. Rudzi rwechipiri rwechisayenzi rurikusikwa, urwo muna 1832 ruchazonzi epistemology. Kubudirira kwakadaro kwaikwanisika nekuda kwekufungisisa kwemunhu kwenzvimbo yake munyika, iye anoguma kuva chido mumaoko emauto akasimba, anowana kuda kwake uye mutoro.
Matambudziko epistemology
Nhoroondo yakawanda yekuranga uye zvikoro zvakasiyana-siyana yakazarura kune imwe mibvunzo inoda mhinduro. Matambudziko makuru epistemology, anozivikanwa kune dzose, ndeyotevera.
- Zvinokonzera kukanganisa . Zvinoreva kuwana zvazvinodiwa kuti uwane kutsanangurwa kwezviri kuitika. Zvinotendwa kuti zvinosanganisira kudiwa kwekufungidzira zviitiko zvenguva yemberi nekunetseka kwakanyanya kwegadziriro, kunze kweizvi mhinduro kumabasa matsva achagara achiri kunonoka.
- Mamiriro ezvinhu ekuwana zivo . Zvinosanganisira zvitatu izvozvi: chimiro, munhu, uye chimiro chekufananidzira kwechokwadi pakuonekwa.
- Tsvaga tsime rezivo . Epistemology inoongorora pfungwa iyi nerubatsiro rwezvipingamupinyi zvakawanda zvinofanirwa kupa pfungwa yekutanga yekutora mashoko, chinhu chekucherechedza.
Epistemology - Species
Mukati yekuvandudza kufunga kwefilosofi, zvinotevera zvakanyanya maitiro epististemology zvakasiyana.
- Naive realism . Nzira yezvokwadi ndiyo nhengo dzepfungwa, hapana musiyano pakati pekunzwisisa kwevanhu uye mamiriro chaiwo ezvinhu pano.
- Sensualism . Rinoreva ruzivo chete pamusana pezvinzwa, kana zvisipo, ipapo ruzivo rwakapfungwa mumusoro haruonekwi, nokuti munhu anongogara chete pamanzwi, uye mberi kwavo nyika haipo.
- Rationalism . Ruzivo rwechokwadi runogona kuwanikwa chete nekubatsirwa kwepfungwa pasina kufunga nezvemashoko akaparidzirwa nemanzwi , izvo zvinongopesanisa chokwadi.
- Skepticism . Anonetseka pazvinhu zvose zvezivo, anoda kuti asabvumirana nemafungiro evane simba, kusvikira iye pachake achiongorora.
- Agnosticism . Anotaura nezvisingabviri kunyatsonzwisisa nyika - zvose manzwiro nepfungwa zvinopa zvikamu zvezivo zvisingakwanisi kuwana mufananidzo wose.
- Kuziva kugutsikana . Anotenda mukana wekuwana zivo yakakwana yenyika.
Mazuva ano epistemology
Sayenzi haigone kumira, ichikurudzirwa mukugadzirisa kwekuvandudzwa kuburikidza nehumwe humwe hurairo. Pamuganhu wezvino, nheyo huru dzepistemology ndeyekufungidzira kugutsikana, kusava nechokwadi uye agnosticism, iyo inofungidzirwa pamaganho ezvidzidzo zvakawanda. Mukuwedzera kwefilosofi, psychology, nzira, masayendisiti, nhoroondo yesayenzi nemagariro zvinosanganiswa pano. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti yakadaro nzira yekutaura ichabatsira kunzwisisa dambudziko racho zvakanyanyisa, kudzivisa kunyatsoongorora.
Epistemology: mabhuku
- S.A. Askoldov, "Epistemology. Zvinyorwa ยป . Nheyo dzepistemology, inofanana nemafungiro epanpsychism akataurwa naAA Kozlov, anotsanangurwa. Munyori wezvinyorwa anoenderera mberi.
- M. Polani, "Zivo Yega" . Icho chakazvipira pakudzidza kwechimiro chezivo maererano nehupfungwa hwehuzivi uye psychology yekucherechedza.
- L.A. Mikeshina, "Uzivi hwezivo. Zvitsauko zvepfungwa . " Inotsanangura nyaya dzakasara kumutsivi kumashure kana kukakavadzana.