Iko hukuru hunobudirira hweMayan, hwakatanga pamberi pemazuva edu, hwakasara shure dzakawanda zvakavanzika. Iyo inozivikanwa nokuda kwezvinyorwa zvayo zvakagadzirwa uye masvingo, masvomhu, unyanzvi, nyeredzi. Karenda yakakurumbira yeMayan yakanga yakajeka kwazvo. Uye iyi haisi iyo nhaka yose iyo maIndia vakasiya shure, iyo yakave yakakurumbira seimwe yenyika dzakasimudzika uye dzine utsinye munyika yose.
Ndivanaani vaMaya?
VaMaya vekare - vanhu veIndia, avo vaigara pakatarisana ne1000 yemakore BC. - II mireniyumu AD Vatsvakurudzi vanoti nhamba yavo yaiva yevanhu vanopfuura mamiriyoni matatu. Vakagara munzvimbo yekunaya mvura, vakavaka maguta ematombo nemarara, uye zvekurima vairima zvishoma nokuda kwenyika ino, kwavakarima chibage, dzungu, bhinzi, cocoa, cotton nemichero. Zvizvarwa zvevaMaya ndivo vaIndia veCentral America uye chikamu chevanhu veEngland vanobva kumaodzanyemba kweMexico.
VaMaya vekare vairarama kupi?
Rudzi rukuru rweMaya rwakagara munharaunda yakawanda yemazuva ano yeMexico, Belize neGuatemala, kumavirira kweHonduras uye El Salvador (Central America). Pakati pekusimudzirwa kwevekubudirira kwaiva muNorth. Sezvo ivhu rakanga richikurumidza kupera, vanhu vakamanikidzwa kuenda, kuchinja misha. Nyika dzakapambwa dzaizivikanwa nemhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzepanyika:
- iri kuchamhembe-limestone plateau Peten, apo mhepo inotonhora inotonhora inotonga, uye makomo eAlta Verapaz;
- iri kumaodzanyemba - maketani emakomo uye makirasi;
- nzizi dzinoyerera dzichipfuura nemunyika yeMaya dzakatakura mvura yavo kuenda kuGulf of Mexico uye Gungwa reCaribbean;
- pane peninsula yeYucatan, umo munyu wakabviswa, mamiriro ekunze akaoma.
Maya kubudirira - kubudirira
Maya tsika nenzira dzakawanda yakapfuura nguva yayo. Yatova muma400-250. BC vanhu vakatanga kuvaka zvivako zvakakura uye zvivakwa zvekuvakwa, vakawana nzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana muzvesayenzi (astronomy, mathematics), zvekurima. Mune iyo inonzi "classical period" (kubva muna 300 kusvika 900 AD), mararamiro ekare eMaya akawira pakakwirira. Vanhu vakavandudza unyanzvi hwekuveza mujade, kuvezwa uye kuvepa mufananidzo, kutarisa nyeredzi dzekudenga, dzakagadzira kunyora. Kubudirira kweMaya kunoshamisa.
Architecture of the ancient Maya
Pakutanga kwemazuva, kusina teknolojia yemazuva ano iripo, vanhu vekare vakavaka zvivakwa zvinoshamisa. Zvinyorwa zvakakosha zvekuvakwa kwaiva ma-limestone, kubva kwairi iyo upfu hwakagadzirwa uye sarudzo yakafanana nesamende yakagadzirirwa. Nekubatsira kwayo kwakagadzirisa matombo emabwe, uye masvingo emaketone akachengetedzwa zvakavimbika kubva mumhepo uye mhepo. Chikamu chinokosha chezvivako zvose chaive chinonzi "Mayan arch", chitubu chenhema - rudzi rwekukwirira kwedenga. Izvo zvivakwa zvakanga zvakasiyana zvichienderana nenguva:
- Zvivakwa zvekutanga zvakange zviri zvivako, zvigadzikwa pamapuratifomu mashoma, kudzivirira kubva kune mafashamo.
- Mipiramidhi yekutanga yeMayan yakanga yakabatana kubva pazvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana, yakakwira imwe kumusoro kweimwe.
- MuHorld Age yekuvandudzwa kwemitemo kwese kwese yakavakwa acropolis - mhemberero dzakadzika, dziine mapiramidhi, dzimba dzemadzimambo, kunyange nzvimbo dzekutamba.
- Mipiramidhi yekare yeMayan yakasvika mamita makumi matanhatu pakureba uye yakafanana negomo rakagadzirwa. Pamusoro pematemberi avo akavakwa - pedyo, asina mahwindo, makamuri akare.
- Mune mamwe maguta, paiva nemasitoriki - kumativi ose shongwe nekamuri kuchengetedza mwedzi, zuva uye nyeredzi.
Karenda yeMaya hupfumi
Nzvimbo yakaita basa guru muhupenyu hwemadzinza ekare, uye zvakakunakira maMaya zvakabatana zvikuru nazvo. Kubva pamiganhu miviri yegore negore, chronology system yakasikwa. Kwekureba kwenguva kwenguva yekucherechedza kwemazuva, karenda ye Long Count yakashandiswa. Kwenguva pfupi, kubudirira kweMaya kwakanga kune mamiriyoni akawanda ezuva:
- chitendero (umo gore rakapera mazuva makumi maviri nemaviri) rakange rine chirevo chekukosha;
- zvinobatsira (mazuva 365) zvakashandiswa muupenyu hwezuva nezuva;
- chronological (360 mazuva).
Zvombo zveMalai yekare
Nezvombo nezvombo zvehondo, mararamiro ekare eMaya akanga asingakwanisi kusvika kunzvimbo dzakakwirira. Kwemazana emakore ekuvapo, havana kuchinja zvakanyanya, nokuti nguva yakawanda uye simba raMaya rakagadzirirwa pakuvandudzika kwemauto ehondo. Muhondo nekuvhima zvombo zvinotevera zvakashandiswa:
- Kutaura (kureba, kureba kudarika murume, nechinangwa chebwe);
- kop'emetalka - kunyora nekusimbiswa;
- darts;
- Uta nemiseve;
- mhepo gun;
- tsanga;
- mapanga;
- chikwata;
- sling;
- network.
Mifananidzo yeMaya yekare
Nzira yekuverengwa kweMaya yekare yakanga yakagadzirirwa pane imwe nzira isiri yevanhu vemazuva ano mumakumi maviri. Nheyo yaro ndiyo nzira yekuverenga, iyo iyo minwe nezvigunwe zvakashandiswa. MaIndia aive nehutano hwezvigaro zvina nematafura mashanu mukati mega. Zero yaive yakarongedzwa zvigadziriswa mumamiriro ehuta rakaparadzwa. Ichi chiratidzo chinorevawo kusingaperi. Kuti tinyora nhamba dzasara, takashandisa kocoa nyemba, madombo maduku, tsvimbo, sezvo nhamba dzaimiririra kuwirirana kwemashoko uye dashes. Nekubatsira kwezvinhu zvitatu, nhamba ipi neipi yakanyorwa:
- chinhu chinonzi unit,
- chinhu chacho ndechechishanu;
- iyo yakadzika is zero.
Mishonga yevaMaya vekare
Zvinonyatsozivikanwa kuti vaMaya vekare vakaumba mararamiro akabudirira uye vakaedza kutarisira vanhu vemarudzi ose. Zivo yekuchengetedza utsanana uye hutano, yakashandiswa mukuita, yakasimudza maIndia pamusoro pevamwe vanhu panguva iyoyo. Nyaya dzemishonga dzakanga dzakanyatsodzidziswa vanhu. Vanachiremba vakanyatsoziva zvirwere zvakawanda (kusanganisira tuberculosis, ulcers, asthma, nezvimwewo) uye vakarwa navo nemishonga, mabhati, zvinyorwa. Zvishandiso zvemishonga zvaive:
- uswa;
- nyama, ganda, miswe, nyanga dzemhuka;
- minhenga yeshiri;
- zvishandiso zvemaoko - tsvina, soot.
High level muMaya vanhu vakawana mazino uye kuvhiyiwa. Kuonga kuzvibayiro zveIndia, kutendwa kwemunhu kwaizivikanwa, uye vanachiremba vaigona kuita maitiro pameso nemuviri. Nzvimbo dzakakanganiswa kana iyo iyo paiva nekusafungirwa kwekudzivirira yakabviswa nemupa, maronda akanga akonzerwa nemasero ane bvudzi panzvimbo yeshinda, uye zvinodhaka zvakashandiswa seanesthesia. Kuzivikanwa mumishonga ndeye mutsa wekare weMayan, iyo inofanirwa kunakidzwa.
Unyanzvi hwekare hwemaMaya
Nzira dzakawanda-dzakasiyana-siyana dzeMaya dzakaumbwa pasi pesimba rekugara kwevamwe vanhu: maOlmec neToltecs. Asi iye anoshamisika, kusiyana nemamwe ose. Chii chinonyanya kukoshesa kubudirira kweMaya uye unyanzvi hwahwo? Zvose zvinyorwa zvinyorwa zvakatungamirirwa kune vekutonga vakuru, ndiko kuti, zvakasikwa kufadza madzimambo kuitira kuti vafadze. Munzira dzakawanda inosangana nemapurani. Chimwe chiitiko: kuedza kugadzira mufananidzo wezvinhu zvose, kopi iko shoma. Saka vaMaya vakataura kufanana kwavo nenyika. Zvikamu zve subspecies zvehudhi zvakaratidzwa pane zvinotevera:
- Mimhanzi yakanga iri pedyo nechitendero. Pakanga pane kunyange vanamwari vakakurumbira vaine mimhanzi.
- Unyanzvi hunoshamisa hwakasvika pakakwirira, vateereri vaiva vadzidzisi mumunda wavo.
- Painting yaive yakawanda pamapuranga. Mifananidzo yacho yaiva yechitendero kana yezvakaitika kare.
- Zvinyorwa zvinyorwa zvezvifananidzo ndezvamwari, vapristi, madzishe. Apo vanhu vakajairika vairatidzwa nenzira yakanyatsoderedza yekuzvininipisa.
- Kuchengeta kwakagadzirwa muMambo weMaya. Nguvo zvichienderana nehutano uye chimiro chakange chakasiyana chaizvo. Nemicheka yavo yakanakisisa, vanhu vakatengesa nedzimwe madzinza.
Kubudirira kweMayan kwakapera kupi?
Imwe yemibvunzo inokosha iyo vanyori venhau dzakaitika nevatsvakurudzi vanofarira: sei uye zvikonzero zvipi umambo hwakabudirira hukawa? Kuparara kwekubudirira kweMaya kwakatanga muzana remakore rechi9 AD. Munzvimbo dziri kumaodzanyemba, huwandu hwevanhu hwakatanga kuderera nokukurumidza, hurongwa hwemvura hwakava husina kukwana. Vanhu vakasiya misha yavo, uye kuvakwa kwemaguta matsva kwakamira. Izvi zvakakonzera kuti chokwadi apo umambo hukuru hwakashandurwa kuva misha yakapararira yakanga iri pakurwa. Muna 1528, vaSpanish vakatanga kusundwa kweYucatan uye nezana remakore rechi17 vakakunda zvachose nzvimbo yacho.
Sei hupenyu hweMaya hwakanyangarika?
Kusvikira iko zvino, vatsvakurudzi vanopikisa kuti ndicho chaiva chikonzero chekufa kwechimiro chikuru. Pane mafungiro maviri:
- Zvakatipoteredza, zvichibva pachiyero chevanhu nemasikirwo. Kushandiswa kwemazuva mazhinji kwenguva refu kwevhu kwakaunza kukanganisa kwavo, izvo zvakakonzera kuperevedza kwezvokudya uye mvura yekunwa.
- Kwete-zvechikafu. Maererano nedzidziso iyi, umambo hwaigona kuparara nekuda kwekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze, denda, kukunda kana chimwe chezvakaipa. Somuenzaniso, vamwe vanotsvakurudza vanodavira kuti maIndia vaMaya vanogona kufa kunyange nekuda kwekuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze (kusanaya, mafashamo).
MaMean civilization - zvinonakidza chokwadi
Kwete chete kuparara, asiwo dzimwe dzakawanda dzomumambo weMayan zvichiri kukanganisa vanyori venhoroondo. Nzvimbo yekupedzisira iyo yakanyorwa nezvehupenyu hworudzi: kuchamhembe kweGuatemala. Nezve nhoroondo uye tsika zvino zvinongotaura chete matongo ekuchera matongo uye maererano navo unogona kuunganidza zvinhu zvinonakidza pamusoro pehupenyu hwekare:
- Vanhu vorudzi rweMaya vaifarira kupisa muimba yekugezera ndokudzingira bhora. Mitambo yaiva musanganiswa we basketball uye rugby, asi nemigumisiro yakakomba - avo vakarasikirwa vakabayirwa.
- Maya aive nemafungiro asinganzwisisiki akanaka, somuenzaniso, "mufashoni" akanga aine maziso, akatarisa marwadzo uye misoro yemaonero. Kuti vaite izvi, vanaamai kubva paudiki vanoisa gavhuna romwana muchechi yemapuranga uye vanoisa zvinhu pamberi peziso ravo kuti vawane sitirobheni.
- Zvidzidzo zvakaratidza kuti madzitateguru ekubudirira kwevaMaya vari mberi vari vapenyu, uye kune vanopfuura mamiriyoni manomwe kubva munyika yose.
Mabhuku ane chokuita nekubudirira kweMaya
Kuburikidza nekuderera kweumambo, mapeji asingazivikanwi anotsanangura mabasa mazhinji evanyori vemazuva ano kubva kuRussia uye kubva kune dzimwe nyika. Kuti udzidze zvakawanda pamusoro pevanhu vakanyangarika, munogona kudzidza mabhuku anotevera pamusoro pehupenyu hweMaya:
- "VaMaya vanhu." Alberto Rus.
- "Nhema dzevanhu vakarasika". V.I. Gulyaev.
- "Maya. Upenyu, chitendero, tsika. " Ralph Whitlock.
- "Maya. Kuparara kwakashata. Nhoroondo uye chokwadi ". Michael Co.
- Encyclopedia "The Lost World of Maya".
Ive hupenyu hweMayan hwakasara pamigariro yakawanda yemutsika uye kunyange zvakavanzika zvisingaverengeki. Kunyange zvazvo nyaya yekuitika kwayo nekuderera kwakanga kusina kupindurwa. Ingoisa pfungwa yekufungidzira. Mukuedza kutsvaga zvakavanzika zvakawanda, vatsvakurudzi vanouya pane zvimwe zvakavanzika. Imwe yenzvimbo dzakanakisisa dzakasikwa kare inoramba iri inoshamisa uye inofadza.