Kusimbisa hukama hwemurume nemwana zvinodiwa mumatambudziko maviri: kana baba chaivo vasina chokwadi pamusoro peizvi, kana kuti anoramba kuziva mwana uye kuti atore (mafungiro nemafungiro) mukurera kwake. Kuita sarudzo inowirirana iyo inogoneka zvose zviri nyore, uye pasi pechisarudzo chemasimba makuru.
Kuongorora kwevabereki
Iti genetic code ye mwana muzvikamu zvakaenzana (50% imwe neimwe) inopindirana nemakromosomes ebaba naamai. Fragments dzeDNA , umo ruzivo rwehupenyu rwakanyorwa, runonzi loci. Mune imwe neimwe yei pane dhiyabhorosi rimwechete. Kutsigira paternity neDNA, zvakakosha kuongorora loci pasi pechibhaksikodhi ye digital uye kuwedzera kwemamiriyoni emamiriyoni. Kutanga, amai vema chromosomes vanowanikwa, mushure mokunge zvikamu zvakasara zvinofananidzwa nemashiripiti ababa (mazita ekuberekwa - ropa, salivha) inodiwa. Kana ivo vakafanana, murume wacho ane 99.9% yemwana mwana wezvinyorwa baba.
Ko kuberekwa kunogona kusimbiswa kusati kwazvarwa mwana here?
Apo pane vanhu vanoverengeka vakagadzirira basa revakuru vemhuri yeramangwana, kuongororwa mumatambudziko ekuberekwa (nguva yekuberekwa) inogamuchirwa. Pasinei nokuti zvinokwanisika kuisa paternity panguva yekuzvitakura kunofanira kusarudzwa namai mushure mekunge vaudza gynecologist. Kutora zvigadzirwa zvehupenyu zve fetus zvinotarisirwa kuti zviitike. Iyo inoparadza uye inotyisa nzira inogona kutungamirira pakurasikirwa kwomwana.
Kunewo nzira shomanana ine ngozi yekuti ingasimbisa sei paternity. Nokuda kwekuongororwa, ropa rakaipa raamai uye iyo inonzi baba inotorwa. Kubva pakudengenyeka kwechikadzi chemukadzi, DNA yemwana inopiwa uye inofananidzwa neine genetic data yemurume. Kuvimbika kwekuedza kwakadaro kwakaderera kudarika nekushandiswa kwemajasitiri ekushaya simba, saka zvinokurudzirwa kuti zviitwe munguva pfupi pakuzvitakura.
Nzira yekugadzira paternity mushure mekufa kwababa?
Dambudziko rinotaridzirwa rinogadziriswa chete zviri pamutemo. Kana munhu muhupenyu hwake achizvibvuma kuva baba, kuratidza izvi zvisiri pamutemo zvichave zvakakodzera kupa uchapupu:
- tsamba;
- photos;
- mutsamba mumagariro evanhu kana mashoma;
- nhare dzefoni;
- Personal diary;
- uchapupu hwemhuri kana shamwari nesarudzo dzakafanana.
Zvakanyanya kuoma kuwana nzira yekugadzira paternity kana baba vakafa uye vakaramba kubatana naye nechechecheche. Muzviitiko zvizhinji, humwe huri pamusoro apa huri kutonga huri husinganzwisisiki, uye zvakakosha kutarisa mazita ekuberekwa kwemunhu. Dzimwe nguva iwe unotofanira kuwana mvumo yekubuda mumuviri. Izvi zvinotevera zvakakodzera:
- mvura kana yakaoma ropa;
- bvudzi rine bhuru;
- sperm;
- chiko;
- misumari.
Iwe unogona sei kusimbisa paternity pasina DNA?
Kana pasina chizivo chezvinyorwa zvema genetic kufanana, zvakaoma zvikuru kuratidza hukama hwakabatana. Nzira dzisinganzwisisiki nzira yekusimbisa paternity pasina DNA inosanganisira kuwanikwa kwekufananidzwa kwepamunhu pakati pevarume nevana vaduku kana uchapupu hwehama neshamwari dzepedyo. Mukuwedzera, iwe unogona kuziva zuva rokuberekwa. Uhu huri pamusoro apa hahupi hupi hunovimbisa kuti murume ndiye baba vemwana. Nzira dzakadai sokusimbisa hurumende haina simba repamutemo, kunyanya apo inonzi baba vanozvimira kusabatanidzwa kwake.
Nzira yekugadzira paternity kana imba isingabhadharwi?
Dambudziko guru rekugara pamwe chete ndekusava nehanya kwevarume kuti vatore rubatsiro mune zvekunyama uye dzidzo yevana pamwe chete mushure mokuparadzanisa nemukadzi. Mune mamiriro ezvinhu aya, amai vanofanira kuziva nzira yekugadzira paternity uye faira ye alimony. Dzimwe nguva zvinogona kugadzirisa kupopotedzana uku nerunyararo, asi kazhinji vakadzi vanofanira kutendeukira kuvatsigiri kuti vabatsirwe.
Nzira yekugadzira sei paternity pamusana pechido?
Kana munhu asingakanganisi ukama hwake nemwana, inogadziriswa pakarepo mushure mekuonekwa kwechecheche. Izvi zvinoitika pakukwiridzira maitiro (zvakaenzana) mamiriro ehupfumi munzvimbo dzekunyoresa zvivako zvehurumende. Muchizvarwa chekuberekwa chakatambira, deta yemapapa chaiyo inopindirwa, kunyange kana iye asiri muwanano yehurumende naamai vake.
Kana munhu asina chokwadi chekubatanidzwa kwe "chisikwa" chemunhu mutsva wemhuri, unogona kuita DNA kufananidza nekuenzanisa uye kusimbisa hutano panguva yekuzvitakura kana (zvichida) mushure mokuberekwa. Nokuda kwekuongororwa, iyo inonzi baba inoda kutora imwe yezvidzidzo zveiyo genetic material:
- sperm;
- ropa;
- saliva.
Nzira yekugadzirisa sei paternity?
Kune varume vakawanda vanongororesa kubatana necheche nekuda kwekusada kubhadhara alimony. Izvo chete chisarudzo, sei kumanikidzira kuona baba vevapapa vakadai - kuenda kumatare. Kunyangwe kana iwe uchigamuchira muchivande zvinyorwa zvekuberekwa uye ugozviisa kune unyanzvi hwekuongorora, mhinduro dzekuedza hazvizove nemasimba emutemo. Pasina kubvumirwa kwemurume, mumwe haagoni kuratidza kuti zviyero zvehupenyu zvakapiwa ndezvake.
Nzira yekugadzirisa sei paternity kuburikidza nematare?
Murevereri mumamiriro akatsanangurwa angave:
- murume;
- mukadzi;
- mwana.
Pane nzira yekugadzirisa paternity mudare. Kutanga iwe unoda kuunganidza magwaro anodiwa:
- statement of claim;
- iyo kopi yakagadziridzwa yekiti chekuberekwa;
- uchapupu hunotsigira chokwadi chekusununguka;
- kubhadhara kwemari yakabhadharwa mari.
Mushure mokugadzirira mapepa nemhosva iripo, unoda kutaurirana nechepamusoro pedare reruwa. Misangano ichagadziriswa panguva iyo chisarudzo chichaitwa pamusoro pekugadza paternity. Kana pane chikonzero chehupupuriro, zvichibvumira kuita mutongo pasina ruzivo rwekuongorora, kuedza hakuiti. Apo uchapupu huri husina kukwana, hunosarudzwa kuita maongorori ekuongorora. Kubva pamigumisiro yavo, dare richaita chisarudzo chokupedzisira muchifarira imwe yemapato.
Nzira yekugadzira paternity kana amai vari kurwisana naro?
Mamiriro ezvinhu apo mukadzi anodzivisa kutaurirana pakati papa nemwana wake pachake hazvisi zvisizvo. Kana baba vakaberekwa vachida kusimbisa paternity pasinei nechido chake, anofanira kushanda kune masimba makuru. Kutanga kuedza, murume anofanira kutevera nzira inotsanangurwa pamusoro apa, isati yagadzirira magwaro anodiwa uye uchapupu.
Kutaura kwakadaro hakugone kugutsikana nokuda kwezvikonzero zvinotevera:
- kusimbisa ukama nemurume kuchakanganisa hurombo hwemwana;
- baba venyama vanoedza kugadza paternity nekuda kwezvikonzero;
- mwana wacho haadi kuziva ukama hweropa nemurume (kana ari panguva yaanoziva).
Nzira yekugadzira paternity kana baba vari kurwisana naro?
Kungoshushikana kwekuziva hukama hwehupenyu hakubvunzwi sekusimbisa kwakasimba mumutemo wepamutemo, apo mukadzi akazadzisa zvose zvataurwa pamusoro apa kuti atange nyaya yacho uye akaisa magwaro anodiwa. Panguva yemisangano, sangano rinotonga richagadzirisa kana zvichikwanisika kuisa paternity pasina kutora maitiro ekuongorora, kana kuti kuenzanisa kwema laboratory yeDNA inofanira kuitwa.
Dzimwe nguva mwana akatokura akada kuratidza hukama hwake neropa nemurume. Kunyanya kakawanda kazhinji kukumbira kudare mudare kunowanikwa apo vana vanosvika muzera rehuwandu kana kuti pamusana pekufa kweumwe wevatariri kana vabereki. Nzira iyo mwana anogadza nayo kubata yakanyatsofanana neyo nzira inotsanangurwa kuna amai vake kana kunonzi baba.