Agnosia - izvo zvinokonzera, maitiro uye nzira dzekugadzirisa chirwere

Agnosia chirwere chinoratidzirwa nekushaya kushanda kwemamwe marudzi ekuona. Pathology inobata vanhu vezera ripi zvaro. Munhu semugumisiro we agnosia anogona kurasikirwa kunzwa, anorega kuziva zvinhu, zviso, kana kuti anozviona zvisiri izvo. Nzwisiso neusina kusimbiswa maitiro e agnosia akachengetedzwa.

Agnosia - chii ichocho?

Munhu wacho anotungamirirwa munyika inenge yakapoteredza kuburikidza nenzira dzenhepfenyuro dzenheyo yenheyo. Kukwanisa kubata, kubvuma, kubereka uye kunzwisisa zvinorehwa neshoko ndiko gnosis (mamwe echiGiriki γνῶσις - ruzivo). Agnosia ndiko kurasikirwa kana kukanganisa kwemabasa ekuona semugumisiro wezvipembenene zvechikamu che cortex uye nzvimbo dziri pedyo ne subcortical. Izwi rokuti "agnosia" rakaiswa mune zvehutano hwezvesayenzi nemudzidzisi wechiGermany German Munch, uyo akaratidza kuti zvipembenene zveimwe nzvimbo dze cortex zvinogona kutungamirira kumapofu uye matsi.

Agnosia in Psychology

Agnosia inopesana nezvinokonzerwa nehupenyu, zvichiita kuti kuchinja kuonekwe . Nyanzvi dzepfungwa dzinoongorora agnosia maererano nehutano hwevanhu hunopesana nemamiriro ekuchinja kwehutano. Mukufungidzirwa kwepfungwa kune zvinotenda kuti matambudziko anoonekwa mune avo vanhu vanotya kutarisana nezvinetso zvavo kutarisana nekutarisana, kana kuti havadi kuona zvinhu zvakajeka, kana kuti kune kukanganisa kunyika ino. Kuburikidza nhengo dzekunzwa, munhu anogamuchira ruzivo pamusoro penyika, kutsoropodza, kurumbidzwa. Vanhu vanotya kukakavadzana nekutsoropodzwa vangave nezvinetso nevanongororonga vanoongorora.

Zvinokonzera agnosia

Zvinonyanya kukonzera agnosias zvipembenene kana maitiro epfungwa. Zvimwe zvikonzero zvinozivikanwa ndezvi:

• kufambira mberi bhendi uye zvinopisa zvinopisa zveuropi;
• myocardial infarction;
• craniocerebral trauma yemhando yakazaruka uye yakavharwa nemakumbo, njodzi;
• congenital pathology yepakati yenheyo system;
• Chirwere chePasinson ;
• kuberekwa kwakaremara kwakanyanya;
• chirwere chepfungwa (senile dementia);
• kuchinja kunopera muuropi;
• zvirwere zvakanyanya zvinopararira zvinokonzera central nerve system (meningitis, encephalitis);
• dambudziko rekupararira kweperesa;
• kutsvaga kune zvinhu zvinosvibisa muuropi (mercury, lead, arsenic, psychoactive substances);
• Chirwere cheAlzheimer.

Aina dze agnosia

Agnosia chirwere chisingawanzoitiki, asi chinoratidzika mumhando dzakasiyana-siyana. Inowanzoonekwa kakawanda pakati pemakore gumi nemakumi maviri. Kune ma 3 marudzi e agnosia:

• visual;
• auditory;
• tactile.

Nzira dzakaperera dze agnosios:

• auditory;
• kubvuma;
• spatial;
• ruvara;
• associative;
• anosognosia (Anton-Babinsky syndrome);
• zvinorwadza;
• olfactory.

Auditory agnosia

Acoustic agnosia ndeyemhando dzakasiyana siyana. Pane kutyora kwekuonekwa kwemashoko, mutauro wevose. Kukuvadza kwechirevo chenguva yekunze kwemaodzanyemba kunotungamirira kumagumisiro ekuteerera phonemic uye inozviratidza sezvizvi:

• chirwere chekutaura (chinonzi aphasia);
• kurasikirwa kwekwanisi kusiyanisa pakati pekutaura kwekutaura;
• Kutaura kwemu murwere ndeye "izwi rehadhi";
• kukanganisa kuverenga nekunyora.

Kana chirevo chenguva yekodzero yenzvimbo yakakanganiswa:

• Manzwi nemanzwi hazvizivikanwe zvachose;
• Kusvibiswa kwekunzwisisa mazwi mukutaura kwevamwe vanhu;
• hazvibviri kudzidza nekudzidzira mitambo yemimhanzi;
• kukanganisa kwekudiwa kwevanoda nezwi.

Tactile agnosia

Tactile agnosia ndiko kusakwanisa kusiyanisa hutsika hunhu hune zvinhu. Kuzivikanwa kwemavara: kunyoresa-kuoma, kusarura-kukanganisa kunenge kusingabviri, asi ruzivo rwekunzwisisa ruzivo rwakachengetedzwa runochengetedzwa. Tactile agnosia inowanikwa apo dzimwe nzvimbo dze cortex dzepamusoro nepamusoro dzeparietal dzinoshandiswa. Asteroignosis rudzi rwekusawirirana umo murwere asingatauri zvinhu zvakajairika kusvika kumagetsi nemaziso akavharwa.

Somatoignosia

Somatoignosia iko kuputsa kwekufunga kwechirongwa chemuviri wake, mukati memukati. Mune zvimwe zvikamu, somatoagnosis inonzi inonzi tactile agnosia. Pane zvitatu zvakakosha zve somatoagnosis:

1. Anosognosia (Anton-Babinsky syndrome, chinhu chinokonzerwa neupfumi). Kukanganisa kwakadaro mukufungidzira kwomurwere, paanoramba kuvapo kwekuputsa kwake: kuora mitezo, kupofu, kushaya matsi. Murwere anotenda kuti haasi mitezo, asi haadi hake kufamba. Chinokonzera anosognosia chirwere cheparietal lobe chemuviri wecherebral hemisphere muvascular disorders (kakawanda mune varume vakwegura).
2. Autopagnosia . Murwere anorasikirwa neruzivo rwekuona nzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana mumuviri wake. Dzimwe nguva murwere anokwanisa kunzwa kuvapo kwe "nhengo" dzake dzepamusoro (yechitatu ruoko, gumbo, kuburcation) kana kushayiwa kwemuviri wenyama (kakawanda kuruboshwe). Zvimwe zvinokonzera autopagnosia zvinogona kuva tsvina, tumarara, kurwisa kwemaitiro akaoma. Autopagnosia inoenderana nechiratidzo chekuongorora chirwere chepfungwa: hove, schizophrenia.
3. Fingearognosia . Ichi chimiro chinoratidzirwa nekushaya kukwanisa kusiyanisa pakati peinwe reruoko nemaziso akazaruka uye akavharwa kwete chete mukati mavo, asiwo nekunze.

Spatial agnosia

Pfungwa ye agnosia spatial inosanganisira optical component. Urwu urwu rwe agnosia runoratidzwa nezviratidzo zvehutano hwekuona kwepakati, mararamiro ayo, kuora mwoyo mukati. Pasi agnosia inoparadzaniswa maererano nemhando dzekushungurudzika:

1. > Rimwe-sided spatial agnosia. Chikonzero ndicho kukundwa kweparietal lobe, kunyanya yakarurama. Munhu anorwara anotanga kuona rutivi rworudyi rwemhara (rinonyorera rugwaro chete kurudyi rwomunda) ruboshwe rwusina hanya.
2. Kushungurudzika pakufunga kwekufamba uye nguva (akinetopsia). Kukurumidza, kufamba kwezvinhu hakunzwisisiki. Munhu haagoni kuverenga mufananidzo uye mamarita, haanzwisisi nguva yekufamba nemiseve paawa.
3. Topographic agnosia - zvisingazivikanwi nzira dzinowanzozivikanwa, kusagadzikana kwakazara munzvimbo, kuchengetedzwa kunochengetedzwa. Varwere vanogona kurasikirwa pamba muimba yavo.
4. A gnosis yekudzika - inokura muzvipembenene zveparieto-occipital (chikamu chepakati). Zvinoratidza kuti hazvigoneki kuti varwere vawane zvinhu zvakakodzera mumatatu-dimensional space. Munhu ane zvakadzika agnosis haasi kusiyanisa zviyero zviri pedyo, mberi, mberi-kumashure.

Visible agnosia

Bhuku rakawanda kwazvo reagnosias, rinokonzerwa nekukundwa kwemaitiro e occipital e-cortex nekuona vanoongorora, vasingakwanisi kuona nekushandura mashoko anowanikwa kubva kunze pamusoro pezvinhu nezvimwe zviitiko. Muchirapa, maitiro anotevera e agnosia anozivikanwa:

• nyaya (kukoshesa kwezvinhu zvakaputsika, asi chiratidzo chinodzivirirwa);
• digital (murwere haagoni kutumidza nhamba);
• kugnosia nokuda kwekuora mwoyo (kusagadzirisa-kusingazivi - zvisikwa zvisingazivikanwi zvezvinhu uye mifananidzo yakavezwa: fungus, kana pamusoro - tamato, kana ichibva pasi - cucumber).

Kazhinji inowanzoita maonero ekuona agnosia, ayo anogona kuongororwa zvakadzama:

• prosopagnosia;
• Simultaneous;
• alphabetic;

Literal agnosia

Zita rechipiri chechirwere nderokuyeresa. Alpha agnosia inowanikwa apo kuruboshwe parietal uye occipital lobes zvinobatwa. Mukuputsa uku, munhu wacho anonyora zvakakodzera, anonyora samples dzakatsanangurwa dzetsamba, nhamba, asi haagoni kuzvitumidza, haazivi uye haayeuki. Tsamba agnosia inosanganisira kusimbiswa kwema-primary alexia (kusakwanisa kuverenga mashoko) uye acalculia (kutyora kwekodzero). Unhu hunoonekwa:

• chimiratidzo chinyorwa chetsamba;
• Tsamba dzakasanganiswa maererano nekuswedera pedyo uye zvakarongeka zvakafanana zvezvinyorwa mutsamba ("n" se "m", "p" se "mukati").

Simultaneous agnosia

Bhalint's syndrome kana imwe nguva agnosia inopesana nekuona kwakakwana kwechifananidzo, mifananidzo, mifananidzo yakawanda. Zvinhu zvakasiyana uye zvinhu zvinonzwisiswa zvakarurama. Chinokonzera agnosia muchiremera chemukati wepakati yelopitalital lobe. Inoratidzika seizvi:

• kuoma uye kunonoka kuverenga;
• kunetseka mukudzosa maonero kune rumwe rutivi (maonero asinganzwisisiki);
• kukanganisa mukufamba kwemaziso ebiso;
• kukwanisa kuona chinhu chimwe chete mumufananidzo.

Prozapognosia

Iko rudzi rwekuona agnosia rwunofadza kune vanyori. Prosopagnosia kana agnosia pachiso chinotanga apo apo pasi yakaderera occipital lobe kana kuti nzvimbo yakatarisa nzvimbo inoshandiswa. Kune chimiro chinyorwa chepro-spontgenia chinotapurirwa maitiro (kanowanzova chirwere chepakati mu 2% yevanhu). Inopindirana nechirwere cheAlzheimer. Unhu hunoonekwa:

• kukoshesa kwomunhu uyu hakuputsi, asi murwere haamuzivi iye munhu chaiye, haazvizivi;
• kukwanisa kuziva munhu akajairika nezvikamu zvakasiyana zvechiso: masharubu, meno, maziso, mhino.

Nyaya yeprozopagnosia inotsanangurwa mubhuku re "neuropathologist" Murume akatora mukadzi wake nehope ". Murwere P., achitambura ne agnosia, aigona kuziva mukadzi wake chete nezwi. Muchidimbu chiri nyore, prosopagnosia yakanyorwa muAs. Pushkin, N.V. Gogol, Yu. Gagarin, L.I. Brezhnev. Mune chokwadi chokuti ane chirwere cheprosopagnosia - Brad Pitt, mutambi wenhau anozivikanwa weAmerica munguva pfupi yapfuura akaudza vatapi venhau. Brad ane shungu kwazvo zvokuti shamwari dzake neshamwari dzake dzinogumburwa naye, paanowanzopfuura uye haasi kurega kutaura hello.

Kururamiswa kwegnosios

Agnosia haigoni kuzvimiririra, inowanzosangana nezvirwere zvakakomba kana kukuvara kwehupfungwa. Kunyatsoongorora uye kunyatsosarudzwa kunogona kubatsira kuziva zvikonzero zveimwe rudzi rwegnosia, kunze kwokunge munhu mumwe chete ane zviratidzo zvinorapwa mishonga inosarudzwa. Kururamiswa kwema agnosias etiologies akasiyana-siyana inoitwa nevanyanzvi: neuropathologist, chirwere chepfungwa, defectologist, mupfungwa yepfungwa. Kubudirira kunobudirira kunobva pane nguva yakakodzera yekuongororwa uye maitiro anotorwa:

• zvinogona kuitika zvakakwana, pamwe nekurapa kwechirwere chepakati;
• kuregererwa kwenguva refu, kushandiswa nemaitiro ekudzivirira emishonga;
• kugadziriswa kwemunhu nehupenyu-kutarisira agnosia: mabasa akasiyana-siyana anoitirwa kushamwaridzana uye kuenzaniswa kwehutsika hwakarasika muhuwandu hwakasarudzwa kuburikidza nekugadzirwa kwetsva neural connections.