Manzwiro, manzwiro uye mumiririro zvinoita basa rinokosha muupenyu hwemunhu. Zvinhu zvizhinji, zvinhu, zviitiko zvenyika ino zvinongowanikwa chete mukutaurirana uye kunzwa. Sensualism inotarisa hupenyu hwehupenyu seyeyo chete yechokwadi, uye kuziva nekufungidzira zororo chete pane zvavakagamuchira.
Chii chinonzi Sensationalism?
Sensualism ndeimwe yemafungiro epfungwa yekuzivikanwa kwevanhu, yakabva kune maonero evanozivi vechiGiriki vekare vaifunga kuti iyo nzira yakakosha uye yakatendeka yezivo inzwi uye manzwiro. Sensualism (chiLatini sensus pakuona) yakagoverwa kuva yakanyanyisa uye inonzwisisika (mune dzimwe nguva, simba repfungwa rakaonekwa). Sekudzidzisa, kunyanya kufungidzira kunowanikwa mukurumbira kukuru mune mafilosofi uye kwaiva nehuwandu hunotevera:
- zvose zvakabuda kunze, ruzivo, pfungwa inogamuchira kuburikidza nekunzwa;
- mazano akaberekwa haako, pfungwa ndeye "bhendi rakachena";
- mune chikonzero hakuna chinhu chisingazove chakamboitika mushure;
- nyika yekunze ndiyo inobva ruzivo;
- pfungwa inongova nechinangwa chaicho.
Sensualism in Psychology
Mazano uye zvipo zvekunzwisisika zvaive nesimba rakawanda pamusoro pesayenzi yepfungwa yezana remakore re XVIII. Chirembadzidzi wechiGermany uye nyanzvi yezvepfungwa Wilhelm Wundt akatanga kukudziridza chiongorori chepfungwa: akaisa miedzo, basa raifanira kuziva nheyo dzepamusoro, kubva pane izvo zvigadzirisiti zve mweya wemunhu zvakasikwa . Sensualism mune zvepfungwa ndeyeparadim inobva mukudzidzisa kwefilosofi, kuongorora hupenyu hwepfungwa nechinonyanya kuvimba nemanzwiro ekufunga. Mune ramangwana, kushushikana kwepfungwa kwakashandurwa kuva sangano repfungwa.
Sensualism mufilosofi
Nhoroondo yekare, yakabva muGreece yekare, yakakurumbira kune zvikoro zvakasiyana-siyana uye mhepo dzinopisa nyika yose. Vose vekutanga mafilosofi ekufungidzira vanoonekwa seProtagoras uye Epicurus. Sensualism muzivi ndeye "maitiro" ekutungamira mukugadzirisa zvinetso zvekucherechedza kwekupikisana nekufungidzira uye pfungwa, zvichibva pamashoko ekufunga. Kushushikana kwakave kwakapararira chete pamagumo ezana remakore rechi18. anoonga muzivi weFrance Victor Cousin.
Mupiro mukuru mukusimudzirwa kwenheyo yekunzwisisika yezivo yakaitwa naJo Locke uye gare gare nemudzidzi weFrance-muzivi weEtienne Bono de Condillac. J. Locke, mukuwedzera kumanzwiro ekufungidzira, kwakakosha mukucherechedza, kufungidzirwa kufungidzirwa, izvo E.B. de Condillac aisakwanisa kubvumirana uye akataura nezvekufungidzirwa, kwete kwechiitiko chakasununguka, asi chekufunga zvakare. Pfungwa huru dzeCondillac paupenyu hwepfungwa:
- Kune mapoka maviri emanzwiro. Bhuku rokutanga - kunzwa, kuona, kunhuwa kunhu. Yechipiri inoreva pfungwa yekubata.
- Chirara chinotamba basa rinokosha mukuziva kwekunze kwenyika.
- Nzira dzeMweya dzinoitika zvakasununguka kunze kwekunzwa ndeyekunyengera.
- Zivo ipi zvayo ine manzwiro.
Ndeupi musiyano pakati pekutsvaga uye kufungidzira?
Maziviro emazuva ano (XVII - XVIII mazana emakore) Akatarisana nezvinetso mukuziva kwenyika uye nzira dzechokwadi. Pane kukurumidza kukurumidza kwezvinhu zvitatu zvemafirosofi, rationalism, sensationalism uye empiricism. Nzira iyo inofadza uye inofadza inowirirana kune imwe neimwe muzvigaro zvepamusoro uye inopesana nekufungidzira. Empiricism inzira, kuwanikwa kwomuzivi weChirungu F. Bacon. Empiricism inobva pane zvakaitika, sechiyero chezivo uye chitubu chezivo.
F. Bacon akaparadzanisa pakati penzira dzekunzwa, kufungidzira uye kubata. Sensualists "masvosve", anogutsikana nezvose zvavakaunganidza. Rats - "spiders" vanoita webhu rekufunga kubva kwavari. Empiricists - "nyuchi" yakabudiswa nectar kubva kumarudzi akasiyana-siyana, asi yakabudisa zvinhu maererano nezvakaitika uye unyanzvi hwavo.
Kusiyana kukuru pakati pekutsvaga uye kufungidzira maererano naF. Bacon:
- Empiricism inoziva kukosha kwemanzwiro, asi mukubatana zvakasimba nechinangwa.
- Chikonzero chinokwanisa kubvisa chokwadi kubva pane zvakaitika.
- Kufungisisa kusinganzwisisiki kwezvinhu zvakasikwa mukunzwisisa, kunotsiviwa nekupindira kushingaira kuitira kuti udzidze zvakavanzika.
Materialistic sensationalism
Manzwiro - iyo inonyanya kukoshesa ruzivo, kufungidzira kunotsigira chimiro chechimiro ichi pane chaicho chaicho, chakanga chisina kufanana, chakaparadzaniswa sechinangwa chekufunga uye kugadzirisa zvinhu, mune zvekupedzisira, kukanganisa kwekunze kwekunze kwepfungwa, kunosanganisira maonero ekunzwa. Mumiririri akajeka wezvokunyama zvekunakidza John Locke.
Idealistic sensationalism
Kusiyana nemafungiro ezvokunyama zvenyama aJohn Locke, mafungiro ezvokufungidzira anowanzozviratidza, avo vateveri vaive mafilosofi J. Berkeley naD. D. Hume. Idealistic sensationalism inofanirwa nehuzivi hunoramba kuvimba kwekunzwa kune zvinhu zvekunze. Zvinyorwa zvakakosha zvemurairo uyu, wakagadzirwa naJer Berkeley naD. D. Hume:
- Munhu haanzwisisi nyaya yepfungwa;
- Chinhu chakasiyana chinogona kuonekwa kuburikidza nehuwandu hwekunzwa kwega.
- Mweya ndiwo mvumo yezvimwe pfungwa.
- Munhu haagoni kuzviziva pachake, asi maonero ake pachako anogona kupa pfungwa.
Sensualism - zvinotsigira uye zvinotyisa
Scientific psychology yakagara ichivimba nemafungiro efilosofi, kubvisa kubva kwavari ruzivo rwemazana emakore rwekucherechedza kwemweya. Sensualism yakakonzera kukurudzirwa kwekuedza nekuyanana kwepfungwa. Kuongororwa kwemaonero emanzwiro nemanzwiro mubasa re "Kurapa pane zvinonzwa", E. Condillac akaita chikamu chikuru kune sayenzi, yakanzwisiswa nevepfungwa dzepfungwa. Mune ramangwana, pfungwa dzepfungwa dzinoziva kukwana kwekunetseka mumagariro ekugogodza. Kukanganisika kwekufungidzira kunoratidzwa munguva yekuedzwa:
- Pfungwa yekuita haina kufanana nesangano rekunzwa.
- Kuziva kwevanhu kunonyanya kuoma kupfuura kuisa pfungwa dzekunzwa.
- Zvinyorwa zvehuchenjeri hazvirevi chete kune zvinyorwa zvinonzwisisika nekunzwa.
- Kukurudzira mafungiro uye chikamu chezviito pakuvaka maonero hazvigone kutsanangurwa nekubatsira kwekunamata.