Psychoanalysis senzira ye psychotherapy yakatanga muEurope mumazuva ekupedzisira eXIX yezana. uye kubvira pakutanga chaiye yakatsoropodza zvakanyanya vanhu vepanguva yeZ. Freud, kunyanya nekuda kwehuwandu hwemashoko ehupenyu hwomunhu kune zvinotungamirira: Eros (hupenyu) uye Thanatos (rufu), asi paiva nevateveri nevadzidzi vakawana psychoanalysis kubva kumativi akasiyana zvakasiyana.
Chii chinonzi psychoanalysis?
Ndiani akasika psychoanalysis - mubvunzo uyu unobvunzwa chete nevanhu vari kure nekuziva kwepfungwa. Muvambi we psychoanalysis ndiAustria psychoanalyst Z. Freud, uyo panguva yake akanga ari mutsva ane ushingi. Psychoanalysis (German Psychoanalyse, Greek psyche - soul, analysis - solution) inzira yekurapa varwere vane chirwere chepfungwa ( neuroses , hysteria). Icho chirevo chemuitiro ndechekududzira kwemafungiro, mafungiro uye kurota, izvo zvinodudzirwa nea psychoanalyst.
Psychoanalysis in Psychology
Munguva yehupenyu hwepfungwa dzepfungwa (XIX - kutanga kwezana remakore rechizana) chirwere chakagara kwemakore anoverengeka uye chakanga chisina kukwanisika kune munhu wose, mazuva ano psychoanalysis ndezvenguva pfupi (masikati 15 kusvika ku30 masangano 1 - 2 rubles pavhiki) nzira. Pamberi pacho, kushaya pfungwa kwepfungwa kwakashandiswa chete muzvipatara (pfungwa dzepfungwa) yekurapwa kwemishonga, mazuva ano nerubatsiro rwemhando iyi inobvira kushanda nemhando dzakasiyana dzezvinetso zvepfungwa.
Zvinyorwa zvitsvene zvepfungwa:
- maitiro emunhu wacho akavakirwa pamatokisi asina kufanira asingazivikanwi, anowanzotanga pachikwata chekutanga chekusimudzira (kushungurudza utano hwemamiriro ezvinhu);
- Kuziva nezvekufambisa izvi kunokonzera nzira dzekudzivirira;
- kukakavara pakati pezvinhu zvakagadziriswa uye zvakaderedzwa kusvika mune zvisinganzwisisi zvinotungamirira kumanzwiro, kuora mwoyo;
- Kuziva kwezviri kuitika musingazivi, nekubatsira kwechiremba, kunosunungura murwere kubva pamusana pekusaziva zvinhu uye kunotungamirira kugadzirisa.
Freud's psychoanalysis
Somugumisi wemakore ekuongorora varwere vake, Freud akacherechedza kuti zvakawanda zvakadzingwa zvisinganzwisisi zvinokanganisa hutano hwepfungwa, maitiro evanhu. Freud yakatanga muna 1932 chimiro chechimiro chepfungwa, ichiyerera mukati mazvo zvikamu zvinotevera:
- Id (iyo) inharaunda yekusaziva chinhu chinotungamirira kuhupenyu nekufa.
- Ego (I) - kufunga kwekufunga, kukura kwezvirongwa zvinodzivirira).
- Superego (Super-Self) isango rekufungidzira, chirevo chetsika (kufambiswa kwehutano hwevabereki).
Nzira dzeFudud dzepfungwa dzakagadziriswa pakutanga kwekutanga dzakashandiswa mukushandisa hypnosis kuitira kuti vaone nzira dzisina ruzivo, gare gare chirwere chepfungwa chakasiya ivo uye chakaita kuti vamwe vabudirire kushandiswa mune zvemazuva ano psychoanalysis:
- kutsvakurudza kwezvinangwa zvekuzvibata kuburikidza nesangano risina hanya yemurwere;
- kududzira;
- kuongororwa kwe "kuramba" uye "kutumira";
- kudzidza.
Jung's Psychoanalysis
Jungian psychoanalysis kana kuongorora pfungwa Jung (mudzidzi aidiwa naZ. Freud, uyo ane kurwadziwa kunorwadza pamusana pemafungiro ake pamusoro pepfungwaan psychose) inobva pamitemo inotevera:
- Munhu asina ruzivo muhutano huri muhutano.
- Zvinetso zvinomuka kubva kusina kuenzana, izvi zvinotungamirira pakuonekwa kwezvinzvimbo zvinotakura kushorwa kwepfungwa, izvo zvinopedzisira zvichishandurwa ne psyche musingazivi.
- Kuvepo - iyo nzira yekutarirwa kwemurwere wehupenyu hwake uye yega (kukurudzira kuporesa), "nzira kuenda kwaari," inoitwa pamwe nekubatsirwa nemunhu anonzi psychoanalyst.
Lakan's psychoanalysis
Jacques Lacan ndiFrench psychoanalyst, chimiro chisinganzwisisiki mu psychoanalysis. Lacan akazvitumidza kuti Freudian uye aigara achisimbisa kuti dzidziso ye Freud haina kuziviswa zvizere uye zvakakosha kugara achiverenga zvakare zvinyorwa zvake kuti anzwisise pfungwa dzake. Lacan akasarudza kudzidzisa psychoanalysis mumuromo, pamisangano. Chirongwa "Chifungidzira - Chiratidzo - Chaicho" Lacan ichifunga sechinhu chikuru:
- kufungidzira - kuzviratidza kweumwe munhu (miriratiro chetatu);
- mifananidzi-kusiyana, nekuziva kune rumwe rutivi rwechifananidzo cheMumwe, ane chinyorwa;
- chaicho - Lacan aidavira kuti musangano neichoicho unogona kuburikidza nekutambudzika.
Zvichida psychoanalysis
Chikoro chepfungwa-psychoanalysis - pfungwa huru dzakapiwa muzivi wechiFrench uye munyori J.P. Sartre, muvambi we existential psychoanalysis kutsoropodza uye Freudian libido yakatsiviwa nechisarudzo chokutanga. Icho chinonyanya kureva kuti existential kuongorora ndechokuti munhu akavimbika, ane chimwe chirevo, panguva imwe neimwe achiita sarudzo yake pachake pakuve. Sarudzo - iyi ndiyo unhu chaihwo. Mugumo unotanga kubva pakusarudzwa.
Nzira dzehutano hwepfungwa
Mazuva ano psychoanalysis yave ichishandurwa muhutungamiri hwevarwere, uyewo mumhando dzemishonga inoshandiswa, asi maitiro ekutanga akaenderera kushandiswa kubudirira:
- Nzira yekushamwaridzana kusununguka. Murwere anorara pamubhedha uye anotaura zvose pfungwa dzinouya mupfungwa.
- Mhedziso yekududzira zviroto. Z. Freud nzira yaanoda, pamusoro pazvo iyo yaiti kurota ndiyo nzira yeumambo kuenda kune chinhu chisingazivi.
- Method of interpretation. Iyi nzira inokubvumira kuunza nzira dzisina chizivo kusvika pamwero wekuziva. Murwere (anorysand) anoti, uye psychoanalyst inotsanangura uye inotaura zvinorehwa, iyo inogona kusimbiswa, uye chero zviitiko zvine chokuita nezvinoreva zvinorangarirwa, kana kusagamuchirwa nemurwere.
Classical psychoanalysis
Icho chinonzi orthodox psychoanalysis yemunhu mumwechete kana kuti Freudianism inobva pane zvakakosha zveZ. Freud. Parizvino, hazviwanzoshandiswi nenzira yakachena murapi, zvikurukuru iyo neo-Freudianism - inoshandiswa yemagadziro emhando dzakasiyana-siyana. Chinangwa cheklassical psychoanalysis ndechokugadzirisa kusawirirana kwepakati, masangano akaumbwa achiri muduku. Nzira huru ye Freudianism ndiyo kubuda kwemasangano akasununguka:
- murwere anopiwa kunze kwekubatanidzwa kwemafungiro kuti ataure zvose zvinouya mupfungwa dzake, kunyange izvo zvinhu zvinokonzera kunyadziswa;
- nyanzvi inotsanangurira zvisikwa zvisinganzwisisi, uye nenzira inonzwisisika inounza chinoreva chechokwadi kumurwere.
Girai psychoanalysis
Psychoanalysis muboka iri nzira inobatsira yekurapa kushandisa psychoanalytic nzira. Boka remapfungwa rinobatsira kune:
- kukura kwekunzwira tsitsi kuburikidza nekunzwira tsitsi kune dzimwe nhengo dzeboka, kugoverana marwadzo avo nekutambudzika kwepfungwa;
- kuporesa mupfungwa;
- kugamuchirwa kwemunhu pachake.
Boka repfungwa - iyo pfungwa yakatorwa nea psychoanalyst T. Barrow muna 1925. Mazuva ano boka repfungwa psychotherapy musangano kamwechete pavhiki kwema 1.5 - 2 maawa. Chinangwa chekuongorora maboka:
- kuumba nzvimbo yakachengeteka yemapoka eboka racho, uko iwe unogona kutaura zvakasununguka nezvekurwadziwa;
- chiratidzo chekuvigwa kwakanyatsoitika;
- kuburikidza nekudzika kwekukurukurirana kugadzirisa kwepakopesana kwepamberi nekupesana.
System-vector psychoanalysis
Mazuva ano chirwere chepfungwa chinoshandiswa nemunhu ari kuchinja nekufamba kwenguva. Soviet psychologist V.A. Ganzen inokurudzira maitiro ekuona matrices, pachikonzero icho mudzidzi wake VK Tolkachev inokura 8 vectors (marudzi) e psyche. Kusvika iye zvino, mune izvi zvinotungamira zvinoshanda J. Burlan. Kuenderera mberi kubva ku-system-vector psychoanalysis, munhu mumwe nomumwe ane anowirirana, mumwe wevectory 8:
- muscular;
- muromo;
- anal;
- visual;
- olfactory;
- cutaneous;
- inzwi;
- urethral.
Mabhuku pa Psychoanalysis
Kudzidza kwemaitiro e-psychoanalytic uye maitiro hazvibviri kunze kwekuverenga mabhuku akakodzera. Mabhuku akaisvonaka pane psychoanalysis:
- " Humanistic psychoanalysis " E. Kubva. Anthology yakaumbwa neGermany psychoanalyst inofadza kune vadzidzi veyunivhesiti dzevanhu vanodzidza psychoanalysis. E. Kubva kuongorororai zvinhu zvakadai zvinozivikanwa mukugadzikana kwepfungwa mumagariro e-Electra neOedipus complex, narcissism, vavariro dzezvinangwa zvisingazivikanwi.
- " Ego uye nzira dzepfungwa yekudzivirira " A. Freud. Bhuku ndiro mwanasikana wechirwere chinonzi psychoanalyst, uyo akaenderera mberi nebasa rababa vake mumunda wevana psychoanalysis. Iyo inoverengeka inotsanangura nzira itsva pakuratidza mukati mukati mekunetseka kwemwana.
- " Archetype uye Chiratidzo " neK.G. Jung. Mune munhu mumwe nomumwe, archetypes yekushamwaridzana pamwe chete yakavanzika: Munhu, Anima uye Animus, Shadow, Self uye Ego.
- " Kumhanyira nemhumhi " Mukadzi wechiArchetype munhema uye nhoroondo KP. Estes. Pfungwa yePychoanalytic, yakabva pakuongorora nyaya dzepano. Munyori anoratidza kuti vakadzi vanotarisa mukati uye vanoona kuti chikamu chepanyama, chikara uye chisina kudzora chakakanganwika.
- " Urevi pamubhedha " na I. Yal. Mumwe munhu ane chipo chepfungwa anonyanya kugadzikana mune zvinyorwa zvevanyori. Kunyadzisa kunonyengedza uye nguva dzinonakidza, zvakatorwa kubva pamagariro avo - muverengi anoona kuti psychoanalyst munhu mumwechete ane matambudziko ake.
Mafirimu pamusoro pepfungwa
Psychoanalysis - hurukuro inonakidza kune vatungamiri vakawanda vakakurumbira uye avo vanoda kufanira kuzviziva ivo mafirimu emagariro vane ruzivo rwakakura, kazhinji mushure mekuona mafirimu akadaro, kune mazano mavo anobatsira kubvisa matanho ematambudziko. Firimu pamusoro pepfungwa, inofanirwa kutarisirwa:
- "Mwana wekamuri / La stanza del figlio" . Nyanzvi yeItaly psychoanalyst Giovanni ine zvinhu zvose muupenyu, iye ari mukuda mubasa rake, asi dambudziko rakaitika - mwanakomana akaurayiwa uye Giovanni ari kuedza kuwana chinangwa.
- «Psychoanalyst / Shrink» . Henry Carter ndiye anonyatsobudirira mupfungwa yepfungwa, kwaari paanorindira mutsva yevanokudzwa, asi muupenyu hwake hwega hwega zvinhu zvose hazvisi nyore. Mudzimai waHenry anoguma kuzviuraya, uye psychoanalyst inosvika pakugumisa kuti haakwanise kubatsira varwere.
- "Nzira Inokuvadza . " Script yemufirimu yakabva kune hukama hwechokwadi uye hunopesana pakati peZ. Freud, mudzidzi wake K. Jung uye murwere Sabina Spielrein.
- "Varwere / Mukurapa" . Nyaya dzakatevedzana, imwe nhepfenyuro iyo inenge iri chikamu chechirwere chepfungwa, nekushandiswa kwemaitiro akasiyana-siyana echechi uye psychoanalysis pakati pavo. Iyi firimu inobatsira zvose zvepfungwa dzepfungwa uye kune vanhu vanoda kufungidzirwa kwepfungwa.
- "Apo Nietzsche akachema . " Iyo firimu pamusoro pekuumbwa kwepfungwa inonzi psychoanalysis muEurope, yakabva pane inoverengeka yezvinonzi Hungarian psychoanalyst Irvin Yalom.